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source: downloads/boost_1_34_1/libs/bind/bind.html @ 35

Last change on this file since 35 was 29, checked in by landauf, 16 years ago
updated boost from 1_33_1 to 1_34_1
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[29]	1	<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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	3	<head>
	4	<title>Boost: bind.hpp documentation</title>
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	10	<td width="277"><A href="../../index.htm"><IMG height="86" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" src="../../boost.png" width="277" border="0"></A>
	11	</td>
	12	<td align="center">
	13	<h1>bind.hpp</h1>
	14	</td>
	15	</tr>
	16	<tr>
	17	<td colSpan="2" height="64"> </td>
	18	</tr>
	19	</table>
	20	<h2>Contents</h2>
	21	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Purpose">Purpose</A></h3>
	22	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#with_functions">Using bind with functions and
	23	function pointers</A></h4>
	24	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#with_function_objects">Using bind with function
	25	objects</A></h4>
	26	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#with_member_pointers">Using bind with pointers
	27	to members</A></h4>
	28	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#nested_binds">Using nested binds for function
	29	composition</A></h4>
	30	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#operators">Overloaded operators</A></h4>
	31	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Examples">Examples</A></h3>
	32	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#with_algorithms">Using bind with standard
	33	algorithms</A></h4>
	34	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#with_boost_function">Using bind with
	35	Boost.Function</A></h4>
	36	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Limitations">Limitations</A></h3>
	37	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</A></h3>
	38	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_doesnt_compile">Why doesn't this compile?</A></h4>
	39	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_does_compile">Why does this compile? It
	40	should not.</A></h4>
	41	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_forms">What is the difference between bind(f,
	42	...) and bind<R>(f, ...)?</A></h4>
	43	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_win32_api">Does <b>bind</b> work with Windows
	44	API functions?</A></h4>
	45	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_com">Does <b>bind</b> work with COM methods?</A></h4>
	46	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_mac">Does <b>bind</b> work with Mac toolbox
	47	functions?</A></h4>
	48	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_extern_C">Does <b>bind</b> work with extern
	49	"C" functions?</A></h4>
	50	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Q_auto_stdcall">Why doesn't <b>bind</b> automatically
	51	recognize nonstandard functions?</A></h4>
	52	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</A></h3>
	53	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_num_args">Incorrect number of arguments</A></h4>
	54	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_signature">The function object cannot be
	55	called with the specified arguments</A></h4>
	56	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_arg_access">Accessing an argument that does
	57	not exist</A></h4>
	58	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_short_form">Inappropriate use of bind(f,
	59	...)</A></h4>
	60	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_long_form">Inappropriate use of
	61	bind<R>(f, ...)</A></h4>
	62	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_nonstd">Binding a nonstandard function</A></h4>
	63	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_const_arg"><b>const</b> in signatures</A></h4>
	64	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_msvc_using">MSVC specific: using
	65	boost::bind;</A></h4>
	66	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_msvc_class_template">MSVC specific: class
	67	templates shadow function templates</A></h4>
	68	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#err_msvc_ellipsis">MSVC specific: ... in
	69	signatures treated as type</A></h4>
	70	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Interface">Interface</A></h3>
	71	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Synopsis">Synopsis</A></h4>
	72	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#CommonRequirements">Common requirements</A></h4>
	73	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#CommonDefinitions">Common definitions</A></h4>
	74	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#bind">bind</A></h4>
	75	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#AdditionalOverloads">Additional overloads</A></h4>
	76	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Implementation">Implementation</A></h3>
	77	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Files">Files</A></h4>
	78	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#Dependencies">Dependencies</A></h4>
	79	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#NumberOfArguments">Number of Arguments</A></h4>
	80	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#stdcall">"__stdcall", "__cdecl", "__fastcall",
	81	and "pascal" Support</A></h4>
	82	<h4 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40pt"><A href="#visit_each"><b>visit_each</b> support</A></h4>
	83	<h3 style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20pt"><A href="#Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</A></h3>
	84	<h2><a name="Purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
	85	<p><b>boost::bind</b> is a generalization of the standard functions <b>std::bind1st</b>
	86	and <b>std::bind2nd</b>. It supports arbitrary function objects, functions,
	87	function pointers, and member function pointers, and is able to bind any
	88	argument to a specific value or route input arguments into arbitrary positions. <b>bind</b>
	89	does not place any requirements on the function object; in particular, it does
	90	not need the <b>result_type</b>, <b>first_argument_type</b> and <b>second_argument_type</b>
	91	standard typedefs.
	92	</p>
	93	<h3><a name="with_functions">Using bind with functions and function pointers</a></h3>
	94	<p>Given these definitions:
	95	</p>
	96	<pre>int f(int a, int b)
	97	{
	98	return a + b;
	99	}
	100
	101	int g(int a, int b, int c)
	102	{
	103	return a + b + c;
	104	}
	105	</pre>
	106	<p><tt>bind(f, 1, 2)</tt> will produce a "nullary" function object that takes no
	107	arguments and returns <tt>f(1, 2)</tt>. Similarly, <tt>bind(g, 1, 2, 3)()</tt> is
	108	equivalent to <tt>g(1, 2, 3)</tt>.
	109	</p>
	110	<p>It is possible to selectively bind only some of the arguments. <tt>bind(f, _1, 5)(x)</tt>
	111	is equivalent to <tt>f(x, 5)</tt>; here <b>_1</b>
	112	is a placeholder argument that means "substitute with the first input
	113	argument."
	114	<p>For comparison, here is the same operation expressed with the standard library
	115	primitives:
	116	</p>
	117	<pre>std::bind2nd(std::ptr_fun(f), 5)(x);
	118	</pre>
	119	<p><b>bind</b> covers the functionality of <b>std::bind1st</b> as well:
	120	</p>
	121	<pre>std::bind1st(std::ptr_fun(f), 5)(x); // f(5, x)
	122	bind(f, 5, _1)(x); // f(5, x)
	123	</pre>
	124	<p><b>bind</b> can handle functions with more than two arguments, and its argument
	125	substitution mechanism is more general:
	126	</p>
	127	<pre>bind(f, _2, _1)(x, y); // f(y, x)
	128
	129	bind(g, _1, 9, _1)(x); // g(x, 9, x)
	130
	131	bind(g, _3, _3, _3)(x, y, z); // g(z, z, z)
	132
	133	bind(g, _1, _1, _1)(x, y, z); // g(x, x, x)
	134	</pre>
	135	<p>Note that, in the last example, the function object produced by <tt>bind(g, _1, _1,
	136	_1)</tt> does not contain references to any arguments beyond the first, but
	137	it can still be used with more than one argument. Any extra arguments are
	138	silently ignored, just like the first and the second argument are ignored in
	139	the third example.
	140	</p>
	141	<p>The arguments that <b>bind</b> takes are copied and held internally by the
	142	returned function object. For example, in the following code:
	143	</p>
	144	<pre>int i = 5;
	145
	146	bind(f, i, _1);
	147	</pre>
	148	<p>a copy of the value of <b>i</b> is stored into the function object. <A href="ref.html">
	149	boost::ref</A> and <A href="ref.html">boost::cref</A> can be used to make
	150	the function object store a reference to an object, rather than a copy:
	151	</p>
	152	<pre>int i = 5;
	153
	154	bind(f, ref(i), _1);
	155
	156	bind(f, cref(42), _1);
	157	</pre>
	158	<h3><a name="with_function_objects">Using bind with function objects</a></h3>
	159	<p><b>bind</b> is not limited to functions; it accepts arbitrary function objects.
	160	In the general case, the return type of the generated function object's <b>operator()</b>
	161	has to be specified explicitly (without a <b>typeof</b> operator the return
	162	type cannot be inferred):
	163	</p>
	164	<pre>struct F
	165	{
	166	int operator()(int a, int b) { return a - b; }
	167	bool operator()(long a, long b) { return a == b; }
	168	};
	169
	170	F f;
	171
	172	int x = 104;
	173
	174	bind<int>(f, _1, _1)(x); // f(x, x), i.e. zero
	175	</pre>
	176	<p>Some compilers have trouble with the <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> syntax. For
	177	portability reasons, an alternative way to express the above is supported:</p>
	178	<pre>boost::bind(boost::type<int>(), f, _1, _1)(x);
	179	</pre>
	180	<P>Note, however, that the alternative syntax is provided only as a workaround. It
	181	is not part of the interface.</P>
	182	<P>When the function object exposes a nested type named <b>result_type</b>, the
	183	explicit return type can be omitted:
	184	</P>
	185	<pre>int x = 8;
	186
	187	bind(std::less<int>(), _1, 9)(x); // x < 9
	188	</pre>
	189	<p>[Note: the ability to omit the return type is not available on all compilers.]
	190	</p>
	191	<h3><a name="with_member_pointers">Using bind with pointers to members</a></h3>
	192	<p>Pointers to member functions and pointers to data members are not function
	193	objects, because they do not support <tt>operator()</tt>. For convenience, <b>bind</b>
	194	accepts member pointers as its first argument, and the behavior is as if <A href="mem_fn.html">
	195	boost::mem_fn</A> has been used to convert the member pointer into a
	196	function object. In other words, the expression
	197	</p>
	198	<pre>bind(&X::f, <i>args</i>)
	199	</pre>
	200	<p>is equivalent to
	201	</p>
	202	<pre>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html" >mem_fn</A>(&X::f), <i>args</i>)
	203	</pre>
	204	<p>where <b>R</b> is the return type of <b>X::f</b> (for member functions) or the
	205	type of the member (for data members.)
	206	</p>
	207	<p>[Note: <b>mem_fn</b> creates function objects that are able to accept a pointer,
	208	a reference, or a smart pointer to an object as its first argument; for
	209	additional information, see the <b>mem_fn</b> <A href="mem_fn.html">documentation</A>.]
	210	</p>
	211	<p>Example:
	212	</p>
	213	<pre>struct X
	214	{
	215	bool f(int a);
	216	};
	217
	218	X x;
	219
	220	shared_ptr<X> p(new X);
	221
	222	int i = 5;
	223
	224	bind(&X::f, ref(x), _1)(i); // x.f(i)
	225	bind(&X::f, &x, _1)(i); //(&x)->f(i)
	226	bind(&X::f, x, _1)(i); // (<i>internal copy of x</i>).f(i)
	227	bind(&X::f, p, _1)(i); // (<i>internal copy of p</i>)->f(i)
	228	</pre>
	229	<p>The last two examples are interesting in that they produce "self-contained"
	230	function objects. <tt>bind(&X::f, x, _1)</tt> stores a copy of <b>x</b>. <tt>bind(&X::f,
	231	p, _1)</tt> stores a copy of <b>p</b>, and since <b>p</b> is a <A href="../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">
	232	boost::shared_ptr</A>, the function object retains a reference to its
	233	instance of <b>X</b> and will remain valid even when <b>p</b> goes out of scope
	234	or is <b>reset()</b>.
	235	</p>
	236	<h3><a name="nested_binds">Using nested binds for function composition</a></h3>
	237	<p>Some of the arguments passed to <b>bind</b> may be nested <b>bind</b> expressions
	238	themselves:
	239	</p>
	240	<pre>bind(f, bind(g, _1))(x); // f(g(x))
	241	</pre>
	242	<p>The inner <STRONG>bind</STRONG> expressions are evaluated, in unspecified order,
	243	before the outer <STRONG>bind</STRONG> when the function object is called; the
	244	results of the evaluation are then substituted in their place when the outer <STRONG>
	245	bind</STRONG> is evaluated. In the example above, when the function object
	246	is called with the argument list <tt>(x)</tt>, <tt>bind(g, _1)(x)</tt> is
	247	evaluated first, yielding <tt>g(x)</tt>, and then <tt>bind(f, g(x))(x)</tt> is
	248	evaluated, yielding the final result <tt>f(g(x))</tt>.
	249	</p>
	250	<P>This feature of <b>bind</b> can be used to perform function composition. See <A href="bind_as_compose.cpp">
	251	bind_as_compose.cpp</A> for an example that demonstrates how to use <b>bind</b>
	252	to achieve similar functionality to <A href="../compose/index.htm">Boost.Compose</A>.
	253	</P>
	254	<p>Note that the first argument - the bound function object - is not evaluated,
	255	even when it's a function object that is produced by <STRONG>bind</STRONG> or a
	256	placeholder argument, so the example below does not work as expected:
	257	</p>
	258	<pre>typedef void (*pf)(int);
	259
	260	std::vector<pf> v;
	261
	262	std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), bind(_1, 5));
	263	</pre>
	264	<p>The desired effect can be achieved via a helper function object <STRONG>apply</STRONG>
	265	that applies its first argument, as a function object, to the rest of its
	266	argument list. For convenience, an implementation of <STRONG>apply</STRONG> is
	267	provided in the <STRONG>boost/bind/apply.hpp</STRONG> header file. Here is how
	268	the modified version of the previous example looks like:
	269	</p>
	270	<pre>typedef void (*pf)(int);
	271
	272	std::vector<pf> v;
	273
	274	std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), bind(apply<void>(), _1, 5));
	275	</pre>
	276	<P>Although the first argument is, by default, not evaluated, all other arguments
	277	are. Sometimes it is necessary not to evaluate arguments subsequent to the
	278	first, even when they are nested <STRONG>bind</STRONG> subexpressions. This can
	279	be achieved with the help of another function object, <STRONG>protect</STRONG>,
	280	that masks the type so that <STRONG>bind</STRONG> does not recognize and
	281	evaluate it. When called, <STRONG>protect</STRONG> simply forwards the argument
	282	list to the other function object unmodified.</P>
	283	<P>The header <STRONG>boost/bind/protect.hpp</STRONG> contains an implementation of <STRONG>
	284	protect</STRONG>. To protect a <STRONG>bind</STRONG> function object from
	285	evaluation, use <tt>protect(bind(f, ...))</tt>.</P>
	286	<h3><a name="operators">Overloaded operators</a> (new in Boost 1.33)</h3>
	287	<p>For convenience, the function objects produced by <tt>bind</tt> overload the
	288	logical not operator <STRONG>!</STRONG> and the relational operators <STRONG>==</STRONG>,
	289	<STRONG>!=</STRONG>, <STRONG><</STRONG>, <STRONG><=</STRONG>, <STRONG>></STRONG>,
	290	<STRONG>>=</STRONG>.</p>
	291	<P><tt>!bind(f, ...)</tt> is equivalent to <tt>bind( <EM>logical_not</EM>(), bind(f,
	292	...) )</tt>, where <tt><EM>logical_not</EM></tt> is a function object that
	293	takes one argument <tt>x</tt> and returns <tt>!x</tt>.</P>
	294	<P><tt>bind(f, ...) <EM>op</EM> x</tt>, where <EM>op</EM> is a relational operator,
	295	is equivalent to <tt>bind( <EM>relation</EM>(), bind(f, ...), x )</tt>, where <em>relation</em>
	296	is a function object that takes two arguments <tt>a</tt> and <tt>b</tt> and
	297	returns <tt>a <EM>op</EM> b</tt>.</P>
	298	<P>What this means in practice is that you can conveniently negate the result of <tt>bind</tt>:</P>
	299	<P><tt>std::remove_if( first, last, !bind( &X::visible, _1 ) ); // remove invisible
	300	objects</tt></P>
	301	<P>and compare the result of <tt>bind</tt> against a value:</P>
	302	<P><tt>std::find_if( first, last, bind( &X::name, _1 ) == "peter" );</tt></P>
	303	<P>against a placeholder:</P>
	304	<P><tt>bind( &X::name, _1 ) == _2</tt></P>
	305	<P>or against another <tt>bind</tt> expression:</P>
	306	<P><tt>std::sort( first, last, bind( &X::name, _1 ) < bind( &X::name, _2 )
	307	); // sort by name</tt></P>
	308	<h2><a name="Examples">Examples</a></h2>
	309	<h3><a name="with_algorithms">Using bind with standard algorithms</a></h3>
	310	<pre>class image;
	311
	312	class animation
	313	{
	314	public:
	315
	316	void advance(int ms);
	317	bool inactive() const;
	318	void render(image & target) const;
	319	};
	320
	321	std::vector<animation> anims;
	322
	323	template<class C, class P> void erase_if(C & c, P pred)
	324	{
	325	c.erase(std::remove_if(c.begin(), c.end(), pred), c.end());
	326	}
	327
	328	void update(int ms)
	329	{
	330	std::for_each(anims.begin(), anims.end(), boost::bind(&animation::advance, _1, ms));
	331	erase_if(anims, boost::mem_fn(&animation::inactive));
	332	}
	333
	334	void render(image & target)
	335	{
	336	std::for_each(anims.begin(), anims.end(), boost::bind(&animation::render, _1, boost::ref(target)));
	337	}
	338	</pre>
	339	<h3><a name="with_boost_function">Using bind with Boost.Function</a></h3>
	340	<pre>class button
	341	{
	342	public:
	343
	344	<A href="../function/index.html" >boost::function</A><void> onClick;
	345	};
	346
	347	class player
	348	{
	349	public:
	350
	351	void play();
	352	void stop();
	353	};
	354
	355	button playButton, stopButton;
	356	player thePlayer;
	357
	358	void connect()
	359	{
	360	playButton.onClick = boost::bind(&player::play, &thePlayer);
	361	stopButton.onClick = boost::bind(&player::stop, &thePlayer);
	362	}
	363	</pre>
	364	<h2><a name="Limitations">Limitations</a></h2>
	365	<p>The function objects generated by <b>bind</b> take their arguments by reference
	366	and cannot, therefore, accept non-const temporaries or literal constants. This
	367	is an inherent limitation of the C++ language, known as <A href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2002/n1385.htm">
	368	the forwarding problem</A>.</p>
	369	<p>The library uses signatures of the form
	370	</p>
	371	<pre>template<class T> void f(T & t);
	372	</pre>
	373	<p>to accept arguments of arbitrary types and pass them on unmodified. As noted,
	374	this does not work with non-const r-values.
	375	</p>
	376	<p>An oft-proposed "solution" to this problem is to add an overload:
	377	</p>
	378	<pre>template<class T> void f(T & t);
	379	template<class T> void f(T const & t);
	380	</pre>
	381	<p>Unfortunately, this (a) requires providing 512 overloads for nine arguments and
	382	(b) does not actually work for const arguments, both l- and r-values, since the
	383	two templates produce the exact same signature and cannot be partially ordered.
	384	</p>
	385	<p>[Note: this is a dark corner of the language, and the <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_defects.html#214">
	386	corresponding issue</a> has only recently been resolved.]
	387	</p>
	388	<h2><a name="FAQ">Frequently Asked Questions</a></h2>
	389	<h3><a name="Q_doesnt_compile">Why doesn't this compile?</a></h3>
	390	<p>See the <A href="#Troubleshooting">dedicated Troubleshooting section</A>.</p>
	391	<h3><a name="Q_does_compile">Why does this compile? It should not.</a></h3>
	392	<p>Probably because you used the general <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> syntax,
	393	thereby instructing <b>bind</b> to not "inspect" <b>f</b> to detect arity and
	394	return type errors.</p>
	395	<h3><a name="Q_forms">What is the difference between bind(f, ...) and bind<R>(f,
	396	...)?</a></h3>
	397	<p>The first form instructs <b>bind</b> to inspect the type of <b>f</b> in order to
	398	determine its arity (number of arguments) and return type. Arity errors will be
	399	detected at "bind time". This syntax, of course, places some requirements on <b>f</b>.
	400	It must be a function, function pointer, member function pointer, or a function
	401	object that defines a nested type named <b>result_type</b>; in short, it must
	402	be something that <b>bind</b> can recognize.</p>
	403	<p>The second form instructs <b>bind</b> to <b>not</b> attempt to recognize the
	404	type of <b>f</b>. It is generally used with function objects that do not, or
	405	cannot, expose <b>result_type</b>, but it can also be used with nonstandard
	406	functions. For example, the current implementation does not automatically
	407	recognize variable-argument functions like <b>printf</b>, so you will have to
	408	use <tt>bind<int>(printf, ...)</tt>. Note that an alternative <tt>bind(type<R>(),
	409	f, ...)</tt> syntax is supported for portability reasons.</p>
	410	<p>Another important factor to consider is that compilers without partial template
	411	specialization or function template partial ordering support cannot handle the
	412	first form when <b>f</b> is a function object, and in most cases will not
	413	handle the second form when <b>f</b> is a function (pointer) or a member
	414	function pointer.</p>
	415	<h3><a name="Q_win32_api">Does <b>bind</b> work with Windows API functions?</a></h3>
	416	<p>Yes, if you <A href="#stdcall">#define BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_STDCALL</A>. An
	417	alternative is to treat the function as a <A href="#with_function_objects">generic
	418	function object</A> and use the <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> syntax.</p>
	419	<h3><a name="Q_com">Does <b>bind</b> work with COM methods?</a></h3>
	420	<p>Yes, if you <A href="#stdcall">#define BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL</A>.</p>
	421	<h3><a name="Q_mac">Does <b>bind</b> work with Mac toolbox functions?</a></h3>
	422	<p>Yes, if you <A href="#stdcall">#define BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_PASCAL</A>. An
	423	alternative is to treat the function as a <A href="#with_function_objects">generic
	424	function object</A> and use the <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> syntax.</p>
	425	<h3><a name="Q_extern_C">Does <b>bind</b> work with extern "C" functions?</a></h3>
	426	<p>Sometimes. On some platforms, pointers to extern "C" functions are equivalent to
	427	"ordinary" function pointers, so they work fine. Other platforms treat them as
	428	different types. A platform-specific implementation of <b>bind</b> is expected
	429	to handle the problem transparently; this implementation does not. As usual,
	430	the workaround is to treat the function as a <A href="#with_function_objects">generic
	431	function object</A> and use the <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> syntax.</p>
	432	<h3><a name="Q_auto_stdcall">Why doesn't <b>bind</b> automatically recognize
	433	nonstandard functions?</a></h3>
	434	<p>Non-portable extensions, in general, should default to off to prevent vendor
	435	lock-in. Had the <A href="#stdcall">appropriate macros</A> been defined
	436	automatically, you could have accidentally taken advantage of them without
	437	realizing that your code is, perhaps, no longer portable. In addition, some
	438	compilers have the option to make <b>__stdcall</b> (<STRONG>__fastcall</STRONG>)
	439	their default calling convention, in which case no separate support would be
	440	necessary.</p>
	441	<h2><a name="Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h2>
	442	<h3><a name="err_num_args">Incorrect number of arguments</a></h3>
	443	<p>In a <tt>bind(f, a1, a2, ..., aN)</tt> expression, the function object <b>f</b> must
	444	be able to take exactly <b>N</b> arguments. This error is normally detected at
	445	"bind time"; in other words, the compilation error is reported on the line
	446	where bind() is invoked:</p>
	447	<pre>int f(int, int);
	448
	449	int main()
	450	{
	451	boost::bind(f, 1); // error, f takes two arguments
	452	boost::bind(f, 1, 2); // OK
	453	}
	454	</pre>
	455	<p>A common variation of this error is to forget that member functions have an
	456	implicit "this" argument:</p>
	457	<pre>struct X
	458	{
	459	int f(int);
	460	}
	461
	462	int main()
	463	{
	464	boost::bind(&X::f, 1); // error, X::f takes two arguments
	465	boost::bind(&X::f, <b>_1</b>, 1); // OK
	466	}
	467	</pre>
	468	<h3><a name="err_signature">The function object cannot be called with the specified
	469	arguments</a></h3>
	470	<p>As in normal function calls, the function object that is bound must be
	471	compatible with the argument list. The incompatibility will usually be detected
	472	by the compiler at "call time" and the result is typically an error in <b>bind.hpp</b>
	473	on a line that looks like:</p>
	474	<pre> return f(a[a1_], a[a2_]);
	475	</pre>
	476	<p>An example of this kind of error:</p>
	477	<pre>int f(int);
	478
	479	int main()
	480	{
	481	boost::bind(f, "incompatible"); // OK so far, no call
	482	boost::bind(f, "incompatible")(); // error, "incompatible" is not an int
	483	boost::bind(f, _1); // OK
	484	boost::bind(f, _1)("incompatible"); // error, "incompatible" is not an int
	485	}
	486	</pre>
	487	<h3><a name="err_arg_access">Accessing an argument that does not exist</a></h3>
	488	<p>The placeholder <b>_N</b> selects the argument at position <b>N</b> from the
	489	argument list passed at "call time." Naturally, it is an error to attempt to
	490	access beyond the end of this list:</p>
	491	<pre>int f(int);
	492
	493	int main()
	494	{
	495	boost::bind(f, _1); // OK
	496	boost::bind(f, _1)(); // error, there is no argument number 1
	497	}
	498	</pre>
	499	<p>The error is usually reported in <b>bind.hpp</b>, at a line similar to:</p>
	500	<pre> return f(a[a1_]);
	501	</pre>
	502	<p>When emulating <tt>std::bind1st(f, a)</tt>, a common mistake of this category is
	503	to type <tt>bind(f, a, _2)</tt> instead of the correct <tt>bind(f, a, _1)</tt>.</p>
	504	<h3><a name="err_short_form">Inappropriate use of bind(f, ...)</a></h3>
	505	<p>The <tt>bind(f, a1, a2, ..., aN)</tt> <A href="#Q_forms">form</A> causes
	506	automatic recognition of the type of <b>f</b>. It will not work with arbitrary
	507	function objects; <b>f</b> must be a function or a member function pointer.</p>
	508	<p>It is possible to use this form with function objects that define <b>result_type</b>,
	509	but <b>only on compilers</b> that support partial specialization and partial
	510	ordering. In particular, MSVC up to version 7.0 does not support this syntax
	511	for function objects.</p>
	512	<h3><a name="err_long_form">Inappropriate use of bind<R>(f, ...)</a></h3>
	513	<p>The <tt>bind<R>(f, a1, a2, ..., aN)</tt> <A href="#Q_forms">form</A> supports
	514	arbitrary function objects.</p>
	515	<p>It is possible (but not recommended) to use this form with functions or member
	516	function pointers, but <b>only on compilers</b> that support partial ordering.
	517	In particular, MSVC up to version 7.0 does not fully support this syntax for
	518	functions and member function pointers.</p>
	519	<h3><a name="err_nonstd">Binding a nonstandard function</a></h3>
	520	<p>By default, the <tt>bind(f, a1, a2, ..., aN)</tt> <A href="#Q_forms">form</A> recognizes
	521	"ordinary" C++ functions and function pointers. <A href="#stdcall">Functions that
	522	use a different calling convention</A>, or variable-argument functions such
	523	as <STRONG>std::printf</STRONG>, do not work. The general <tt>bind<R>(f, a1,
	524	a2, ..., aN)</tt> <A href="#Q_forms">form</A> works with nonstandard
	525	functions.
	526	</p>
	527	<p>On some platforms, extern "C" functions, like <b>std::strcmp</b>, are not
	528	recognized by the short form of bind.
	529	</p>
	530	<P>See also <A href="#stdcall">"__stdcall" and "pascal" Support</A>.</P>
	531	<h3><a name="err_const_arg"><b>const</b> in signatures</a></h3>
	532	<p>Some compilers, including MSVC 6.0 and Borland C++ 5.5.1, have problems with the
	533	top-level <b>const</b> in function signatures:
	534	</p>
	535	<pre>int f(int const);
	536
	537	int main()
	538	{
	539	boost::bind(f, 1); // error
	540	}
	541	</pre>
	542	<p>Workaround: remove the <b>const</b> qualifier from the argument.
	543	</p>
	544	<h3><a name="err_msvc_using">MSVC specific: using boost::bind;</a></h3>
	545	<p>On MSVC (up to version 7.0), when <b>boost::bind</b> is brought into scope with
	546	an using declaration:
	547	</p>
	548	<pre>using boost::bind;
	549	</pre>
	550	<p>the syntax <tt>bind<R>(f, ...)</tt> does not work. Workaround: either use
	551	the qualified name, <b>boost::bind</b>, or use an using directive instead:
	552	</p>
	553	<pre>using namespace boost;
	554	</pre>
	555	<h3><a name="err_msvc_class_template">MSVC specific: class templates shadow function
	556	templates</a></h3>
	557	<p>On MSVC (up to version 7.0), a nested class template named <b>bind</b> will
	558	shadow the function template <b>boost::bind</b>, breaking the <tt>bind<R>(f,
	559	...)</tt> syntax. Unfortunately, some libraries contain nested class
	560	templates named <b>bind</b> (ironically, such code is often an MSVC specific
	561	workaround.)</p>
	562	<P>The workaround is to use the alternative <tt>bind(type<R>(), f, ...)</tt> syntax.</P>
	563	<h3><a name="err_msvc_ellipsis">MSVC specific: ... in signatures treated as type</a></h3>
	564	<p>MSVC (up to version 7.0) treats the ellipsis in a variable argument function
	565	(such as <b>std::printf</b>) as a type. Therefore, it will accept the
	566	(incorrect in the current implementation) form:
	567	</p>
	568	<pre> bind(printf, "%s\n", _1);
	569	</pre>
	570	<p>and will reject the correct version:
	571	</p>
	572	<pre> bind<int>(printf, "%s\n", _1);
	573	</pre>
	574	<h2><a name="Interface">Interface</a></h2>
	575	<h3><a name="Synopsis">Synopsis</a></h3>
	576	<pre>namespace boost
	577	{
	578
	579	// no arguments
	580
	581	template<class R, class F> <i>unspecified-1</i> <A href="#bind_1" >bind</A>(F f);
	582
	583	template<class F> <i>unspecified-1-1</i> <A href="#bind_1_1" >bind</A>(F f);
	584
	585	template<class R> <i>unspecified-2</i> <A href="#bind_2" >bind</A>(R (*f) ());
	586
	587	// one argument
	588
	589	template<class R, class F, class A1> <i>unspecified-3</i> <A href="#bind_3" >bind</A>(F f, A1 a1);
	590
	591	template<class F, class A1> <i>unspecified-3-1</i> <A href="#bind_3_1" >bind</A>(F f, A1 a1);
	592
	593	template<class R, class B1, class A1> <i>unspecified-4</i> <A href="#bind_4" >bind</A>(R (*f) (B1), A1 a1);
	594
	595	template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-5</i> <A href="#bind_5" >bind</A>(R (T::*f) (), A1 a1);
	596
	597	template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-6</i> <A href="#bind_6" >bind</A>(R (T::*f) () const, A1 a1);
	598
	599	template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-6-1</i> <A href="#bind_6_1" >bind</A>(R T::*f, A1 a1);
	600
	601	// two arguments
	602
	603	template<class R, class F, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-7</i> <A href="#bind_7" >bind</A>(F f, A1 a1, A2 a2);
	604
	605	template<class F, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-7-1</i> <A href="#bind_7_1" >bind</A>(F f, A1 a1, A2 a2);
	606
	607	template<class R, class B1, class B2, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-8</i> <A href="#bind_8" >bind</A>(R (*f) (B1, B2), A1 a1, A2 a2);
	608
	609	template<class R, class T, class B1, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-9</i> <A href="#bind_9" >bind</A>(R (T::*f) (B1), A1 a1, A2 a2);
	610
	611	template<class R, class T, class B1, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-10</i> <A href="#bind_10" >bind</A>(R (T::*f) (B1) const, A1 a1, A2 a2);
	612
	613	// implementation defined number of additional overloads for more arguments
	614
	615	}
	616
	617	namespace
	618	{
	619
	620	<i>unspecified-placeholder-type-1</i> _1;
	621
	622	<i>unspecified-placeholder-type-2</i> _2;
	623
	624	<i>unspecified-placeholder-type-3</i> _3;
	625
	626	// implementation defined number of additional placeholder definitions
	627
	628	}
	629	</pre>
	630	<h3><a name="CommonRequirements">Common requirements</a></h3>
	631	<p>All <tt><i>unspecified-N</i></tt> types returned by <b>bind</b> are <b>CopyConstructible</b>.
	632	<tt><i>unspecified-N</i>::result_type</tt> is defined as the return type of <tt><i>unspecified-N</i>::operator()</tt>.</p>
	633	<p>All <tt><i>unspecified-placeholder-N</i></tt> types are <b>CopyConstructible</b>.
	634	Their copy constructors do not throw exceptions.</p>
	635	<h3><a name="CommonDefinitions">Common definitions</a></h3>
	636	<p>The function µ(x, v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>), where m is
	637	a nonnegative integer, is defined as:</p>
	638	<ul>
	639	<li>
	640	<tt>x.get()</tt>, when <tt>x</tt> is of type <tt><A href="ref.html">boost::reference_wrapper</A><T></tt>
	641	for some type <tt>T</tt>;
	642	<li>
	643	v<sub>k</sub>, when <tt>x</tt>
	644	is (a copy of) the placeholder _k for some positive integer k;
	645	<li>
	646	<tt>x(v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> when <tt>x</tt> is
	647	(a copy of) a function object returned by <b>bind</b>;
	648	<li>
	649	<tt>x</tt> otherwise.</li></ul>
	650	<h3><a name="bind">bind</a></h3>
	651	<h4><a name="bind_1">template<class R, class F> <i>unspecified-1</i> bind(F f)</a></h4>
	652	<blockquote>
	653	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	654	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>()</tt>,
	655	implicitly converted to <b>R</b>.</p>
	656	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing unless the copy constructor of <b>F</b> throws an
	657	exception.</p>
	658	</blockquote>
	659	<h4><a name="bind_1_1">template<class F> <i>unspecified-1-1</i> bind(F f)</a></h4>
	660	<blockquote>
	661	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<typename F::result_type, F>(f);</tt></p>
	662	<p><b>Notes:</b> Implementations are allowed to infer the return type of <b>f</b> via
	663	other means as an extension, without relying on the <tt>result_type</tt> member.</p>
	664	</blockquote>
	665	<h4><a name="bind_2">template<class R> <i>unspecified-2</i> bind(R (*f) ())</a></h4>
	666	<blockquote>
	667	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	668	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>()</tt>.</p>
	669	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing.</p>
	670	</blockquote>
	671	<h4><a name="bind_3">template<class R, class F, class A1> <i>unspecified-3</i> bind(F
	672	f, A1 a1)</a></h4>
	673	<blockquote>
	674	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	675	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>(µ(<b>a1</b>,
	676	v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>))</tt>, implicitly
	677	converted to <b>R</b>.</p>
	678	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing unless the copy constructors of <b>F</b> or <b>A1</b> throw
	679	an exception.</p>
	680	</blockquote>
	681	<h4><a name="bind_3_1">template<class F, class A1> <i>unspecified-3-1</i> bind(F
	682	f, A1 a1)</a></h4>
	683	<blockquote>
	684	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<typename F::result_type, F, A1>(f, a1);</tt></p>
	685	<p><b>Notes:</b> Implementations are allowed to infer the return type of <b>f</b> via
	686	other means as an extension, without relying on the <tt>result_type</tt> member.</p>
	687	</blockquote>
	688	<h4><a name="bind_4">template<class R, class B1, class A1> <i>unspecified-4</i> bind(R
	689	(*f) (B1), A1 a1)</a></h4>
	690	<blockquote>
	691	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	692	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>(µ(<b>a1</b>,
	693	v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>))</tt>.</p>
	694	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing unless the copy constructor of <b>A1</b> throws an
	695	exception.</p>
	696	</blockquote>
	697	<h4><a name="bind_5">template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-5</i> bind(R
	698	(T::*f) (), A1 a1)</a></h4>
	699	<blockquote>
	700	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html">boost::mem_fn</A>(f),
	701	a1);</tt></p>
	702	</blockquote>
	703	<h4><a name="bind_6">template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-6</i> bind(R
	704	(T::*f) () const, A1 a1)</a></h4>
	705	<blockquote>
	706	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html">boost::mem_fn</A>(f),
	707	a1);</tt></p>
	708	</blockquote>
	709	<h4><a name="bind_6_1">template<class R, class T, class A1> <i>unspecified-6-1</i>
	710	bind(R T::*f, A1 a1)</a></h4>
	711	<blockquote>
	712	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html">boost::mem_fn</A>(f),
	713	a1);</tt></p>
	714	</blockquote>
	715	<h4><a name="bind_7">template<class R, class F, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-7</i>
	716	bind(F f, A1 a1, A2 a2)</a></h4>
	717	<blockquote>
	718	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	719	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>(µ(<b>a1</b>,
	720	v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>), µ(<b>a2</b>, v<sub>1</sub>,
	721	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>))</tt>, implicitly converted to <b>R</b>.</p>
	722	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing unless the copy constructors of <b>F</b>, <b>A1</b> or <b>A2</b>
	723	throw an exception.</p>
	724	</blockquote>
	725	<h4><a name="bind_7_1">template<class F, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-7-1</i>
	726	bind(F f, A1 a1, A2 a2)</a></h4>
	727	<blockquote>
	728	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<typename F::result_type, F, A1, A2>(f,
	729	a1, a2);</tt></p>
	730	<p><b>Notes:</b> Implementations are allowed to infer the return type of <b>f</b> via
	731	other means as an extension, without relying on the <tt>result_type</tt> member.</p>
	732	</blockquote>
	733	<h4><a name="bind_8">template<class R, class B1, class B2, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-8</i>
	734	bind(R (*f) (B1, B2), A1 a1, A2 a2)</a></h4>
	735	<blockquote>
	736	<p><b>Returns:</b> A function object <i>λ</i> such that the expression <tt>λ(v<sub>1</sub>,
	737	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>)</tt> is equivalent to <tt><b>f</b>(µ(<b>a1</b>,
	738	v<sub>1</sub>, v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>), µ(<b>a2</b>, v<sub>1</sub>,
	739	v<sub>2</sub>, ..., v<sub>m</sub>))</tt>.</p>
	740	<p><b>Throws:</b> Nothing unless the copy constructors of <b>A1</b> or <b>A2</b> throw
	741	an exception.</p>
	742	</blockquote>
	743	<h4><a name="bind_9">template<class R, class T, class B1, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-9</i>
	744	bind(R (T::*f) (B1), A1 a1, A2 a2)</a></h4>
	745	<blockquote>
	746	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html">boost::mem_fn</A>(f),
	747	a1, a2);</tt></p>
	748	</blockquote>
	749	<h4><a name="bind_10">template<class R, class T, class B1, class A1, class A2> <i>unspecified-10</i>
	750	bind(R (T::*f) (B1) const, A1 a1, A2 a2)</a></h4>
	751	<blockquote>
	752	<p><b>Effects:</b> Equivalent to <tt>bind<R>(<A href="mem_fn.html">boost::mem_fn</A>(f),
	753	a1, a2);</tt></p>
	754	</blockquote>
	755	<h3><a name="AdditionalOverloads">Additional overloads</a></h3>
	756	<p>Implementations are allowed to provide additional <b>bind</b> overloads in order
	757	to support more arguments or different function pointer variations.</p>
	758	<h2><a name="Implementation">Implementation</a></h2>
	759	<h3><a name="Files">Files</a></h3>
	760	<ul>
	761	<li>
	762	<A href="../../boost/bind.hpp">boost/bind.hpp</A>
	763	(main header)
	764	<li>
	765	<A href="../../boost/bind/bind_cc.hpp">boost/bind/bind_cc.hpp</A>
	766	(used by bind.hpp, do not include directly)
	767	<li>
	768	<A href="../../boost/bind/bind_mf_cc.hpp">boost/bind/bind_mf_cc.hpp</A>
	769	(used by bind.hpp, do not include directly)
	770	<li>
	771	<A href="../../boost/bind/bind_template.hpp">boost/bind/bind_template.hpp</A>
	772	(used by bind.hpp, do not include directly)
	773	<LI>
	774	<A href="../../boost/bind/arg.hpp">boost/bind/arg.hpp</A>
	775	(defines the type of the placeholder arguments)
	776	<LI>
	777	<A href="../../boost/bind/placeholders.hpp">boost/bind/placeholders.hpp</A>
	778	(defines the _1, _2, ... _9 placeholders)
	779	<LI>
	780	<A href="../../boost/bind/apply.hpp">boost/bind/apply.hpp</A> (<STRONG>apply</STRONG>
	781	helper function object)
	782	<LI>
	783	<A href="../../boost/bind/protect.hpp">boost/bind/protect.hpp</A> (<STRONG>protect</STRONG>
	784	helper function)
	785	<LI>
	786	<A href="../../boost/bind/make_adaptable.hpp">boost/bind/make_adaptable.hpp</A>
	787	(<STRONG>make_adaptable</STRONG>
	788	helper function)
	789	<li>
	790	<A href="test/bind_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/bind_test.cpp</A>
	791	(test)
	792	<li>
	793	<A href="bind_as_compose.cpp">libs/bind/bind_as_compose.cpp</A>
	794	(function composition example)
	795	<li>
	796	<A href="bind_visitor.cpp">libs/bind/bind_visitor.cpp</A>
	797	(visitor example)
	798	<li>
	799	<A href="test/bind_stdcall_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/bind_stdcall_test.cpp</A>
	800	(test with __stdcall functions)
	801	<li>
	802	<A href="test/bind_stdcall_mf_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/bind_stdcall_mf_test.cpp</A>
	803	(test with __stdcall member functions)
	804	<li>
	805	<A href="test/bind_fastcall_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/bind_fastcall_test.cpp</A>
	806	(test with __fastcall functions)
	807	<li>
	808	<A href="test/bind_fastcall_mf_test.cpp">libs/bind/test/bind_fastcall_mf_test.cpp</A>
	809	(test with __fastcall member functions)</li></ul>
	810	<h3><a name="Dependencies">Dependencies</a></h3>
	811	<ul>
	812	<li>
	813	<A href="../config/config.htm">Boost.Config</A>
	814	<li>
	815	<A href="ref.html">boost/ref.hpp</A>
	816	<li>
	817	<A href="mem_fn.html">boost/mem_fn.hpp</A>
	818	<li>
	819	<A href="../../boost/type.hpp">boost/type.hpp</A></li>
	820	</ul>
	821	<h3><a name="NumberOfArguments">Number of Arguments</a></h3>
	822	<p>This implementation supports function objects with up to nine arguments. This is
	823	an implementation detail, not an inherent limitation of the design.</p>
	824	<h3><a name="stdcall">"__stdcall", "__cdecl", "__fastcall", and "pascal" Support</a></h3>
	825	<p>Some platforms allow several types of (member) functions that differ by their <b>calling
	826	convention</b> (the rules by which the function is invoked: how are
	827	arguments passed, how is the return value handled, and who cleans up the stack
	828	- if any.)</p>
	829	<p>For example, Windows API functions and COM interface member functions use a
	830	calling convention known as <b>__stdcall</b>.Borland VCL components use <STRONG>__fastcall</STRONG>.
	831	Mac toolbox functions use a <b>pascal</b> calling convention.</p>
	832	<p>To use <b>bind</b> with <b>__stdcall</b> functions, <b>#define</b> the macro <b>BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_STDCALL</b>
	833	before including <b><boost/bind.hpp></b>.</p>
	834	<p>To use <b>bind</b> with <b>__stdcall</b> <b>member</b> functions, <b>#define</b>
	835	the macro <b>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL</b> before including <b><boost/bind.hpp></b>.</p>
	836	<P>To use <B>bind</B> with <B>__fastcall</B> functions, <B>#define</B> the macro <B>BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_FASTCALL</B>
	837	before including <B><boost/bind.hpp></B>.</P>
	838	<P>To use <B>bind</B> with <B>__fastcall</B> <B>member</B> functions, <B>#define</B>
	839	the macro <B>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_FASTCALL</B> before including <B><boost/bind.hpp></B>.</P>
	840	<P>To use <b>bind</b> with <b>pascal</b> functions, <b>#define</b> the macro <b>BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_PASCAL</b>
	841	before including <b><boost/bind.hpp></b>.</P>
	842	<P>To use <B>bind</B> with <B>__cdecl</B> <B>member</B> functions, <B>#define</B> the
	843	macro <B>BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_CDECL</B> before including <B><boost/bind.hpp></B>.</P>
	844	<P><STRONG>It is best to define these macros in the project options, via -D on the
	845	command line, or as the first line in the translation unit (.cpp file) where
	846	bind is used.</STRONG> Not following this rule can lead to obscure errors
	847	when a header includes bind.hpp before the macro has been defined.</P>
	848	<p>[Note: this is a non-portable extension. It is not part of the interface.]</p>
	849	<p>[Note: Some compilers provide only minimal support for the <b>__stdcall</b> keyword.]</p>
	850	<h3><a name="visit_each"><b>visit_each</b> support</a></h3>
	851	<p>Function objects returned by <b>bind</b> support the experimental and
	852	undocumented, as of yet, <b>visit_each</b> enumeration interface.</p>
	853	<p>See <A href="bind_visitor.cpp">bind_visitor.cpp</A> for an example.</p>
	854	<h2><a name="Acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h2>
	855	<p>Earlier efforts that have influenced the library design:</p>
	856	<ul>
	857	<li>
	858	The <a href="http://staff.cs.utu.fi/BL/">Binder Library</a>
	859	by Jaakko Järvi;
	860	<li>
	861	The <a href="../lambda/index.html">Lambda Library</a>
	862	(now part of Boost) by Jaakko Järvi and Gary Powell (the successor to the
	863	Binder Library);
	864	<li>
	865	<a href="http://more.sourceforge.net/">Extensions to the STL</a> by Petter
	866	Urkedal.</li></ul>
	867	<p>Doug Gregor suggested that a visitor mechanism would allow <b>bind</b> to
	868	interoperate with a signal/slot library.</p>
	869	<p>John Maddock fixed a MSVC-specific conflict between <b>bind</b> and the <A href="../type_traits/index.html">
	870	type traits library</A>.</p>
	871	<p>Numerous improvements were suggested during the formal review period by Ross
	872	Smith, Richard Crossley, Jens Maurer, Ed Brey, and others. Review manager was
	873	Darin Adler.
	874	</p>
	875	<p>The precise semantics of <b>bind</b> were refined in discussions with Jaakko
	876	Järvi.
	877	</p>
	878	<p>Dave Abrahams fixed a MSVC-specific conflict between <b>bind</b> and the <A href="../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm">
	879	iterator adaptors library</A>.
	880	</p>
	881	<p>Dave Abrahams modified <b>bind</b> and <b>mem_fn</b> to support void returns on
	882	deficient compilers.
	883	</p>
	884	<p>Mac Murrett contributed the "pascal" support enabled by
	885	BOOST_BIND_ENABLE_PASCAL.
	886	</p>
	887	<p>The alternative <tt>bind(type<R>(), f, ...)</tt> syntax was inspired by a
	888	discussion with Dave Abrahams and Joel de Guzman.</p>
	889	<p><br>
	890	<br>
	891	<br>
	892	<small>Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Peter Dimov and Multi Media Ltd. Copyright
	893	2003-2005 Peter Dimov. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version
	894	1.0. See accompanying file <A href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</A> or
	895	copy at <A href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</A>.</small></p>
	896	</body>
	897	</html>

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