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source: downloads/boost_1_34_1/libs/io/doc/ios_state.html @ 33

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1	<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
2	<html>
3	<head>
4	<title>I/O Stream-State Saver Library</title>
5	</head>
6	<body text="black" bgcolor="white" link="blue" vlink="purple" alink="red">
7	<h1><img src="../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
8	align="middle" width="277" height="86">Header <<cite><a
9	href="../../../boost/io/ios_state.hpp">boost/io/ios_state.hpp</a></cite>
10	></h1>
11
12	<p>The header <cite><a
13	href="../../../boost/io/ios_state.hpp">boost/io/ios_state.hpp</a></cite>
14	covers saving the stream state of objects in the C++ IOStreams
15	system.</p>
16
17	<h2><a name="contents">Contents</a></h2>
18
19	<ol>
20	<li><a href="#contents">Contents</a></li>
21	<li><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a></li>
22	<li><a href="#header">Header Synopsis</a></li>
23	<li><a href="#base_savers">Savers for Basic Standard Attributes</a></li>
24	<li><a href="#adv_savers">Savers for Advanced Standard Attributes</a></li>
25	<li><a href="#user_savers">Savers for User-Defined Attributes</a></li>
26	<li><a href="#combo_savers">Savers for Combined Attributes</a></li>
27	<li><a href="#example">Example</a></li>
28	<li><a href="#refer">References</a></li>
29	<li><a href="#credits">Credits</a>
30	<ul>
31	<li><a href="#contributors">Contributors</a></li>
32	<li><a href="#history">History</a></li>
33	</ul></li>
34	</ol>
35
36	<h2><a name="rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
37
38	<p>Sometimes a certain value has to change only for a limited scope.
39	Saver classes save a copy of the current state of some object (or an
40	aspect of an object), and reset the object's state at destruction time,
41	undoing any change the object may have gone through.</p>
42
43	<p>The saver class strategy is helpful when using I/O stream objects.
44	Manipulator objects can change some aspect of a stream during input or
45	output. The state changed by the manipulator usually sticks to its new
46	value after the I/O transaction. This can be a problem if manipulators
47	are used in a function that is not supposed to externally change a
48	stream's state.</p>
49
50	<blockquote><pre>#include <ostream>
51	#include <ios>
52
53	void hex_my_byte( std::ostream &os, char byte )
54	{
55	os << std::hex << static_cast<unsigned>(byte);
56	}
57	</pre></blockquote>
58
59	<p>The <var>os</var> stream will retain its new hexadecimal printing
60	mode after the call to <code>hex_my_byte</code>. The stream's printing
61	mode can be saved and restored with manual calls to the stream's state
62	inspecting and mutating member functions. The manual method becomes
63	unwieldy if the main functionality is complex and/or needs to be
64	exception safe. A saver class can implement the better "resource
65	acquisition is initialization" strategy.</p>
66
67	<p>See the <a href="#example">example</a> below for better code, using
68	saver classes.</p>
69
70	<h2><a name="header">Header Synopsis</a></h2>
71
72	<blockquote><pre>#include <iosfwd> <i>// for std::char_traits (declaration)</i>
73
74	namespace boost
75	{
76	namespace io
77	{
78
79	class ios_flags_saver;
80	class ios_precision_saver;
81	class ios_width_saver;
82	class ios_base_all_saver;
83
84	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
85	class basic_ios_iostate_saver;
86	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
87	class basic_ios_exception_saver;
88	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
89	class basic_ios_tie_saver;
90	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
91	class basic_ios_rdbuf_saver;
92	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
93	class basic_ios_fill_saver;
94	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
95	class basic_ios_locale_saver;
96	template < typename Ch, class Tr = ::std::char_traits<Ch> >
97	class basic_ios_all_saver;
98
99	typedef basic_ios_iostate_saver<char> ios_iostate_saver;
100	typedef basic_ios_iostate_saver<wchar_t> wios_iostate_saver;
101	typedef basic_ios_exception_saver<char> ios_exception_saver;
102	typedef basic_ios_exception_saver<wchar_t> wios_exception_saver;
103	typedef basic_ios_tie_saver<char> ios_tie_saver;
104	typedef basic_ios_tie_saver<wchar_t> wios_tie_saver;
105	typedef basic_ios_rdbuf_saver<char> ios_rdbuf_saver;
106	typedef basic_ios_rdbuf_saver<wchar_t> wios_rdbuf_saver;
107	typedef basic_ios_fill_saver<char> ios_fill_saver;
108	typedef basic_ios_fill_saver<wchar_t> wios_fill_saver;
109	typedef basic_ios_locale_saver<char> ios_locale_saver;
110	typedef basic_ios_locale_saver<wchar_t> wios_locale_saver;
111	typedef basic_ios_all_saver<char> ios_all_saver;
112	typedef basic_ios_all_saver<wchar_t> wios_all_saver;
113
114	class ios_iword_saver;
115	class ios_pword_saver;
116	class ios_all_word_saver;
117
118	}
119	}
120	</pre></blockquote>
121
122	<h2><a name="base_savers">Savers for Basic Standard Attributes</a></h2>
123
124	<p>The basic saver classes have this format:</p>
125
126	<blockquote><pre>class <var>saver_class</var>
127	{
128	typedef std::ios_base state_type;
129	typedef <i>implementation_defined</i> aspect_type;
130
131	explicit saver_class( state_type &s );
132	saver_class( state_type &s, <var>aspect_type</var> const &new_value );
133	~saver_class();
134
135	void restore();
136	};
137	</pre></blockquote>
138
139	<p>The <var>state_type</var> is the IOStreams base class
140	<code>std::ios_base</code>. The user would usually place an actual
141	input, output, or combined stream object for the state-type parameter,
142	and not a base class object. The first constructor takes a stream
143	object and saves a reference to the stream and the current value of a
144	particular stream attribute. The second constructor works like the
145	first, and uses its second argument to change the stream's attribute to
146	the new <var>aspect_type</var> value given. The destructor restores the
147	stream's attribute to the saved value. The restoration can be activated
148	early (and often) with the <code>restore</code> member function.</p>
149
150	<table border="1" align="center">
151	<caption>Basic IOStreams State Saver Classes</caption>
152	<tr>
153	<th>Class</th>
154	<th>Saved Attribute</th>
155	<th>Attribute Type</th>
156	<th>Reading Method</th>
157	<th>Writing Method</th>
158	</tr>
159	<tr>
160	<td><code>boost::io::ios_flags_saver</code></td>
161	<td>Format control flags</td>
162	<td><code>std::ios_base::fmtflags</code></td>
163	<td><code>flags</code></td>
164	<td><code>flags</code></td>
165	</tr>
166	<tr>
167	<td><code>boost::io::ios_precision_saver</code></td>
168	<td>Number of digits to print after decimal point</td>
169	<td><code>std::streamsize</code></td>
170	<td><code>precision</code></td>
171	<td><code>precision</code></td>
172	</tr>
173	<tr>
174	<td><code>boost::io::ios_width_saver</code></td>
175	<td>Minimum field width for printing objects</td>
176	<td><code>std::streamsize</code></td>
177	<td><code>width</code></td>
178	<td><code>width</code></td>
179	</tr>
180	</table>
181
182	<h2><a name="adv_savers">Savers for Advanced Standard Attributes</a></h2>
183
184	<p>The saver class templates have this format:</p>
185
186	<blockquote><pre>template < typename Ch, class Tr >
187	class <var>saver_class</var>
188	{
189	typedef std::basic_ios<Ch, Tr> state_type;
190	typedef <i>implementation_defined</i> aspect_type;
191
192	explicit saver_class( state_type &s );
193	saver_class( state_type &s, <var>aspect_type</var> const &new_value );
194	~saver_class();
195
196	void restore();
197	};
198	</pre></blockquote>
199
200	<p>The <var>state_type</var> is a version of the IOStreams base class
201	template <code>std::basic_ios<Ch, Tr></code>, where
202	<code>Ch</code> is a character type and <code>Tr</code> is a character
203	traits class. The user would usually place an actual input, output, or
204	combined stream object for the state-type parameter, and not a base
205	class object. The first constructor takes a stream object and saves a
206	reference to the stream and the current value of a particular stream
207	attribute. The second constructor works like the first, and uses its
208	second argument to change the stream's attribute to the new
209	<var>aspect_type</var> value given. The destructor restores the stream's
210	attribute to the saved value. The restoration can be activated
211	early (and often) with the <code>restore</code> member function.</p>
212
213	<table border="1" align="center">
214	<caption>Advanced IOStreams State Saver Class Templates</caption>
215	<tr>
216	<th>Class Template</th>
217	<th>Saved Attribute</th>
218	<th>Attribute Type</th>
219	<th>Reading Method</th>
220	<th>Writing Method</th>
221	</tr>
222	<tr>
223	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_iostate_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
224	<td>Failure state of the stream <a href="#Note1">[1]</a>, <a href="#Note2">[2]</a></td>
225	<td><code>std::ios_base::iostate</code></td>
226	<td><code>rdstate</code></td>
227	<td><code>clear</code></td>
228	</tr>
229	<tr>
230	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_exception_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
231	<td>Which failure states trigger an exception <a href="#Note1">[1]</a></td>
232	<td><code>std::ios_base::iostate</code></td>
233	<td><code>exceptions</code></td>
234	<td><code>exceptions</code></td>
235	</tr>
236	<tr>
237	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_tie_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
238	<td>Output stream synchronized with the stream</td>
239	<td><code>std::basic_ostream<Ch, Tr> *</code></td>
240	<td><code>tie</code></td>
241	<td><code>tie</code></td>
242	</tr>
243	<tr>
244	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_rdbuf_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
245	<td>Stream buffer associated with the stream <a href="#Note2">[2]</a></td>
246	<td><code>std::basic_streambuf<Ch, Tr> *</code></td>
247	<td><code>rdbuf</code></td>
248	<td><code>rdbuf</code></td>
249	</tr>
250	<tr>
251	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_fill_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
252	<td>Character used to pad oversized field widths</td>
253	<td><code>Ch</code></td>
254	<td><code>fill</code></td>
255	<td><code>fill</code></td>
256	</tr>
257	<tr>
258	<td><code>boost::io::basic_ios_locale_saver<Ch, Tr></code></td>
259	<td>Locale information associated with the stream <a href="#Note3">[3]</a></td>
260	<td><code>std::locale</code></td>
261	<td><code>getloc</code> (from <code>std::ios_base</code>)</td>
262	<td><code>imbue</code> (from <code>std::basic_ios<Ch, Tr></code>)</td>
263	</tr>
264	</table>
265
266	<h3>Notes</h3>
267
268	<ol>
269	<li>When the failure state flags and/or the failure state exception
270	watching flags are changed, an exception is thrown if a match
271	occurs among the two sets of flags. This could mean that
272	the <a name="Note1">constructor or destructor of these class
273	templates may throw</a>.</li>
274	<li>When the associated stream buffer is changed, the stream's
275	failure state set is reset to "good" if the given stream
276	buffer's address is non-NULL, but the "bad" failure
277	state is set if that address is NULL. This means that a saved
278	failure state of "good" may be restored as "bad"
279	if the stream is stripped of an associated stream buffer. Worse,
280	given a NULL stream buffer address, an exception is thrown if the
281	"bad" failure state is being watched. This could mean
282	that the <a name="Note2">constructor or destructor of these class
283	templates may throw</a>.</li>
284	<li>The <a name="Note3">saver for the locale uses the
285	<code>std::basic_ios<Ch, Tr></code> class to extract their
286	information</a>, although it could have used the functionality
287	in <code>std::ios_base</code>. The problem is that the versions
288	of the needed member functions in <code>ios_base</code> are not
289	polymorphically related to the ones in <code>basic_ios</code>.
290	The stream classes that will be used with the saver classes
291	should use the versions of the member functions closest to them
292	by inheritance, which means the ones in
293	<code>basic_ios</code>.</li>
294	</ol>
295
296	<h2><a name="user_savers">Savers for User-Defined Attributes</a></h2>
297
298	<p>The saver classes for user-defined formatting information have this
299	format:</p>
300
301	<blockquote><pre>#include <iosfwd> <i>// for std::ios_base (declaration)</i>
302
303	class <var>saver_class</var>
304	{
305	typedef std::ios_base state_type;
306	typedef int index_type;
307	typedef <i>implementation_defined</i> aspect_type;
308
309	explicit saver_class( state_type &s, index_type i );
310	saver_class( state_type &s, index_type i, <var>aspect_type</var> const &new_value );
311	~saver_class();
312
313	void restore();
314	};
315	</pre></blockquote>
316
317	<p>The index <var>i</var> differentiates between specific user-defined
318	formatting attributes. The index can only be determined at run-time
319	(most likely with the class-static <code>std::ios_base::xalloc</code>
320	member function).</p>
321
322	<p>The <var>state_type</var> is the base class of the IOStreams system,
323	<code>std::ios_base</code>. The user would usually place an actual
324	input, output, or combined stream object for the state-type parameter,
325	and not a base class object. The first constructor takes a stream
326	object and index and saves a reference to the stream and the current
327	value of a particular stream attribute. The second constructor works
328	like the first, and uses its third argument to change the stream's
329	attribute to the new <var>aspect_type</var> value given. The destructor
330	restores the stream's attribute to the saved value. The restoration can
331	be activated early (and often) with the <code>restore</code> member
332	function.</p>
333
334	<table border="1" align="center">
335	<caption>IOStream User-Defined State Saver Classes</caption>
336	<tr>
337	<th>Class</th>
338	<th>Saved Attribute</th>
339	<th>Attribute Type</th>
340	<th>Reference Method</th>
341	</tr>
342	<tr>
343	<td><code>boost::io::ios_iword_saver</code></td>
344	<td>Numeric user-defined format flag</td>
345	<td><code>long</code></td>
346	<td><code>iword</code></td>
347	</tr>
348	<tr>
349	<td><code>boost::io::ios_pword_saver</code></td>
350	<td>Pointer user-defined format flag</td>
351	<td><code>void *</code></td>
352	<td><code>pword</code></td>
353	</tr>
354	</table>
355
356	<h2><a name="combo_savers">Savers for Combined Attributes</a></h2>
357
358	<p>There are three class (templates) for combined attribute savers. The
359	<code>boost:io::ios_base_all_saver</code> saver class combines the
360	functionality of all the basic attribute saver classes. It has a
361	constructor that takes the stream to have its state preserved. The
362	<code>boost::io::basic_ios_all_saver</code> combines the functionality
363	of all the advanced attribute saver class templates and the combined
364	basic attribute saver class. It has a constructor that takes the stream
365	to have its state preserved. The
366	<code>boost::io::ios_all_word_saver</code> saver class combines the
367	saver classes that preserve user-defined formatting information. Its
368	constructor takes the stream to have its attributes saved and the index
369	of the user-defined attributes. The destructor for each class restores
370	the saved state. Restoration can be activated early (and often) for a
371	class with the <code>restore</code> member function.</p>
372
373	<h2><a name="example">Example</a></h2>
374
375	<p>The code used in the <a href="#rationale">rationale</a> can be
376	improved at two places. The printing function could use a saver around
377	the code that changes the formatting state. Or the calling function can
378	surround the call with a saver. Or both can be done, especially if the
379	user does not know if the printing function uses a state saver. If the
380	user wants a series of changes back & forth, without surrounding each
381	change within a separate block, the <code>restore</code> member function
382	can be called between each trial.</p>
383
384	<blockquote><pre>#include <boost/io/ios_state.hpp>
385	#include <ios>
386	#include <iostream>
387	#include <ostream>
388
389	void new_hex_my_byte( std::ostream &os, char byte )
390	{
391	boost::io::ios_flags_saver ifs( os );
392
393	os << std::hex << static_cast<unsigned>(byte);
394	}
395
396	int main()
397	{
398	using std::cout;
399	using std::cerr;
400
401	//...
402
403	{
404	boost::io::ios_all_saver ias( cout );
405
406	new_hex_my_byte( cout, 'A' );
407	}
408
409	//...
410
411	{
412	boost::io::ios_all_saver ias( cerr );
413
414	new_hex_my_byte( cerr, 'b' );
415	ias.restore();
416	new_hex_my_byte( cerr, 'C' );
417	}
418
419	//...
420	}
421	</pre></blockquote>
422
423	<h2><a name="refer">References</a></h2>
424
425	<ul>
426	<li>The I/O state saver library header itself: <cite><a
427	href="../../../boost/io/ios_state.hpp">boost/io/ios_state.hpp</a></cite></li>
428	<li>Some test/example code: <cite><a
429	href="../test/ios_state_test.cpp">ios_state_test.cpp</a></cite></li>
430	</ul>
431
432	<h2><a name="credits">Credits</a></h2>
433
434	<h3><a name="contributors">Contributors</a></h3>
435
436	<dl>
437	<dt><a href="../../../people/daryle_walker.html">Daryle Walker</a>
438	<dd>Started the library. Contributed the initial versions of the
439	format flags, precision, width, and user-defined format flags
440	saver classes. Contributed the initial versions of the success
441	state, success state exception flags, output stream tie, stream
442	buffer, character fill, and locale saver class templates.
443	Contributed the combined attribute classes and class template.
444	Contributed the test file <cite><a
445	href="../test/ios_state_test.cpp">ios_state_test.cpp</a></cite>.
446	</dl>
447
448	<h3><a name="history">History</a></h3>
449
450	<dl>
451	<dt>28 Feb 2005, Daryle Walker
452	<dd>Added the <code>restore</code> member functions, based on suggestions
453	by Gennadiy Rozental and Rob Stewart
454
455	<dt>13 Mar 2002, Daryle Walker
456	<dd>Initial version
457	</dl>
458
459	<hr>
460
461	<p>Revised: 28 February 2005</p>
462
463	<p>Copyright 2002, 2005 Daryle Walker. Use, modification, and distribution
464	are subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
465	file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or a copy at
466	<<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>>.)</p>
467	</body>
468	</html>

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