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source: downloads/boost_1_34_1/libs/smart_ptr/sp_techniques.html @ 45

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1	<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
2	<html>
3	<head>
4	<title>Smart Pointer Programming Techniques</title>
5	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
6	</head>
7	<body text="#000000" bgColor="#ffffff">
8	<h1><A href="../../index.htm"><IMG height="86" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" src="../../boost.png" width="277" align="middle"
9	border="0"></A>Smart Pointer Programming Techniques</h1>
10	<p><A href="#incomplete">Using incomplete classes for implementation hiding</A><br>
11	<A href="#pimpl">The "Pimpl" idiom</A><br>
12	<A href="#abstract">Using abstract classes for implementation hiding</A><br>
13	<A href="#preventing_delete">Preventing <code>delete px.get()</code></A><br>
14	<A href="#array">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an array</A><br>
15	<A href="#encapsulation">Encapsulating allocation details, wrapping factory
16	functions</A><br>
17	<A href="#static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically
18	allocated object</A><br>
19	<A href="#com">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a COM object</A><br>
20	<A href="#intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object
21	with an embedded reference count</A><br>
22	<A href="#another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared
23	ownership smart pointer</A><br>
24	<A href="#from_raw">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> from a raw pointer</A><br>
25	<A href="#in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>)
26	to <code>this</code> in a constructor</A><br>
27	<A href="#from_this">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>this</code></A><br>
28	<A href="#handle">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a smart counted handle</A><br>
29	<A href="#on_block_exit">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to execute code on block
30	exit</A><br>
31	<A href="#pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr<void></code> to hold an arbitrary
32	object</A><br>
33	<A href="#extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
34	instances</A><br>
35	<A href="#as_lock">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a CopyConstructible mutex lock</A><br>
36	<A href="#wrapper">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to wrap member function calls</A><br>
37	<A href="#delayed">Delayed deallocation</A><br>
38	<A href="#weak_without_shared">Weak pointers to objects not managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code></A><br>
39	</p>
40	<h2><A name="incomplete">Using incomplete classes for implementation hiding</A></h2>
41	<p>A proven technique (that works in C, too) for separating interface from
42	implementation is to use a pointer to an incomplete class as an opaque handle:</p>
43	<pre>class FILE;
44
45	FILE * fopen(char const * name, char const * mode);
46	void fread(FILE * f, void * data, size_t size);
47	void fclose(FILE * f);
48	</pre>
49	<p>It is possible to express the above interface using <code>shared_ptr</code>,
50	eliminating the need to manually call <code>fclose</code>:</p>
51	<pre>class FILE;
52
53	shared_ptr<FILE> fopen(char const * name, char const * mode);
54	void fread(shared_ptr<FILE> f, void * data, size_t size);
55	</pre>
56	<p>This technique relies on <code>shared_ptr</code>'s ability to execute a custom
57	deleter, eliminating the explicit call to <code>fclose</code>, and on the fact
58	that <code>shared_ptr<X></code> can be copied and destroyed when <code>X</code>
59	is incomplete.</p>
60	<h2><A name="pimpl">The "Pimpl" idiom</A></h2>
61	<p>A C++ specific variation of the incomplete class pattern is the "Pimpl" idiom.
62	The incomplete class is not exposed to the user; it is hidden behind a
63	forwarding facade. <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used to implement a "Pimpl":</p>
64	<pre>// file.hpp:
65
66	class file
67	{
68	private:
69
70	class impl;
71	shared_ptr<impl> pimpl_;
72
73	public:
74
75	file(char const * name, char const * mode);
76
77	// compiler generated members are fine and useful
78
79	void read(void * data, size_t size);
80	};
81	</pre>
82	<pre>// file.cpp:
83
84	#include "file.hpp"
85
86	class file::impl
87	{
88	private:
89
90	impl(impl const &);
91	impl & operator=(impl const &);
92
93	// private data
94
95	public:
96
97	impl(char const * name, char const * mode) { ... }
98	~impl() { ... }
99	void read(void * data, size_t size) { ... }
100	};
101
102	file::file(char const * name, char const * mode): pimpl_(new impl(name, mode))
103	{
104	}
105
106	void file::read(void * data, size_t size)
107	{
108	pimpl_->read(data, size);
109	}
110	</pre>
111	<p>The key thing to note here is that the compiler-generated copy constructor,
112	assignment operator, and destructor all have a sensible meaning. As a result, <code>
113	file</code> is <code>CopyConstructible</code> and <code>Assignable</code>,
114	allowing its use in standard containers.</p>
115	<h2><A name="abstract">Using abstract classes for implementation hiding</A></h2>
116	<p>Another widely used C++ idiom for separating inteface and implementation is to
117	use abstract base classes and factory functions. The abstract classes are
118	sometimes called "interfaces" and the pattern is known as "interface-based
119	programming". Again, <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used as the return type of
120	the factory functions:</p>
121	<pre>// X.hpp:
122
123	class X
124	{
125	public:
126
127	virtual void f() = 0;
128	virtual void g() = 0;
129
130	protected:
131
132	~X() {}
133	};
134
135	shared_ptr<X> createX();
136	</pre>
137	<pre>-- X.cpp:
138
139	class X_impl: public X
140	{
141	private:
142
143	X_impl(X_impl const &);
144	X_impl & operator=(X_impl const &);
145
146	public:
147
148	virtual void f()
149	{
150	// ...
151	}
152
153	virtual void g()
154	{
155	// ...
156	}
157	};
158
159	shared_ptr<X> createX()
160	{
161	shared_ptr<X> px(new X_impl);
162	return px;
163	}
164	</pre>
165	<p>A key property of shared_ptr is that the allocation, construction, deallocation,
166	and destruction details are captured at the point of construction, inside the
167	factory function. Note the protected and nonvirtual destructor in the example
168	above. The client code cannot, and does not need to, delete a pointer to <code>X</code>;
169	the <code>shared_ptr<X></code> instance returned from <code>createX</code>
170	will correctly call <code>~X_impl</code>.</p>
171	<h2><A name="preventing_delete">Preventing <code>delete px.get()</code></A></h2>
172	<p>It is often desirable to prevent client code from deleting a pointer that is
173	being managed by <code>shared_ptr</code>. The previous technique showed one
174	possible approach, using a protected destructor. Another alternative is to use
175	a private deleter:</p>
176	<pre>class X
177	{
178	private:
179
180	~X();
181
182	class deleter;
183	friend class deleter;
184
185	class deleter
186	{
187	public:
188
189	void operator()(X * p) { delete p; }
190	};
191
192	public:
193
194	static shared_ptr<X> create()
195	{
196	shared_ptr<X> px(new X, X::deleter());
197	return px;
198	}
199	};
200	</pre>
201	<h2><A name="array">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an array</A></h2>
202	<p>A <code>shared_ptr</code> can be used to hold a pointer to an array allocated
203	with <code>new[]</code>:</p>
204	<pre>shared_ptr<X> px(new X[1], <A href="../utility/checked_delete.html" >checked_array_deleter</A><X>());
205	</pre>
206	<p>Note, however, that <code><A href="shared_array.htm">shared_array</A></code> is
207	often preferable, if this is an option. It has an array-specific interface,
208	without <code>operator*</code> and <code>operator-></code>, and does not
209	allow pointer conversions.</p>
210	<h2><A name="encapsulation">Encapsulating allocation details, wrapping factory
211	functions</A></h2>
212	<p><code>shared_ptr</code> can be used in creating C++ wrappers over existing C
213	style library interfaces that return raw pointers from their factory functions
214	to encapsulate allocation details. As an example, consider this interface,
215	where <code>CreateX</code> might allocate <code>X</code> from its own private
216	heap, <code>~X</code> may be inaccessible, or <code>X</code> may be incomplete:</p>
217	<pre>X * CreateX();
218	void DestroyX(X *);
219	</pre>
220	<p>The only way to reliably destroy a pointer returned by <code>CreateX</code> is
221	to call <code>DestroyX</code>.</p>
222	<P>Here is how a <code>shared_ptr</code>-based wrapper may look like:</P>
223	<pre>shared_ptr<X> createX()
224	{
225	shared_ptr<X> px(CreateX(), DestroyX);
226	return px;
227	}
228	</pre>
229	<p>Client code that calls <code>createX</code> still does not need to know how the
230	object has been allocated, but now the destruction is automatic.</p>
231	<h2><A name="static">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a statically
232	allocated object</A></h2>
233	<p>Sometimes it is desirable to create a <code>shared_ptr</code> to an already
234	existing object, so that the <code>shared_ptr</code> does not attempt to
235	destroy the object when there are no more references left. As an example, the
236	factory function:</p>
237	<pre>shared_ptr<X> createX();
238	</pre>
239	<p>in certain situations may need to return a pointer to a statically allocated <code>X</code>
240	instance.</p>
241	<P>The solution is to use a custom deleter that does nothing:</P>
242	<pre>struct null_deleter
243	{
244	void operator()(void const *) const
245	{
246	}
247	};
248
249	static X x;
250
251	shared_ptr<X> createX()
252	{
253	shared_ptr<X> px(&x, null_deleter());
254	return px;
255	}
256	</pre>
257	<p>The same technique works for any object known to outlive the pointer.</p>
258	<h2><A name="com">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to a COM Object</A></h2>
259	<p>Background: COM objects have an embedded reference count and two member
260	functions that manipulate it. <code>AddRef()</code> increments the count. <code>Release()</code>
261	decrements the count and destroys itself when the count drops to zero.</p>
262	<P>It is possible to hold a pointer to a COM object in a <code>shared_ptr</code>:</P>
263	<pre>shared_ptr<IWhatever> make_shared_from_COM(IWhatever * p)
264	{
265	p->AddRef();
266	shared_ptr<IWhatever> pw(p, <A href="../bind/mem_fn.html" >mem_fn</A>(&IWhatever::Release));
267	return pw;
268	}
269	</pre>
270	<p>Note, however, that <code>shared_ptr</code> copies created from <code>pw</code> will
271	not "register" in the embedded count of the COM object; they will share the
272	single reference created in <code>make_shared_from_COM</code>. Weak pointers
273	created from <code>pw</code> will be invalidated when the last <code>shared_ptr</code>
274	is destroyed, regardless of whether the COM object itself is still alive.</p>
275	<P>As <A href="../bind/mem_fn.html#Q3">explained</A> in the <code>mem_fn</code> documentation,
276	you need to <A href="../bind/mem_fn.html#stdcall">#define
277	BOOST_MEM_FN_ENABLE_STDCALL</A> first.</P>
278	<h2><A name="intrusive">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold a pointer to an object
279	with an embedded reference count</A></h2>
280	<p>This is a generalization of the above technique. The example assumes that the
281	object implements the two functions required by <code><A href="intrusive_ptr.html">intrusive_ptr</A></code>,
282	<code>intrusive_ptr_add_ref</code> and <code>intrusive_ptr_release</code>:</p>
283	<pre>template<class T> struct intrusive_deleter
284	{
285	void operator()(T * p)
286	{
287	if(p) intrusive_ptr_release(p);
288	}
289	};
290
291	shared_ptr<X> make_shared_from_intrusive(X * p)
292	{
293	if(p) intrusive_ptr_add_ref(p);
294	shared_ptr<X> px(p, intrusive_deleter<X>());
295	return px;
296	}
297	</pre>
298	<h2><A name="another_sp">Using a <code>shared_ptr</code> to hold another shared
299	ownership smart pointer</A></h2>
300	<p>One of the design goals of <code>shared_ptr</code> is to be used in library
301	interfaces. It is possible to encounter a situation where a library takes a <code>shared_ptr</code>
302	argument, but the object at hand is being managed by a different reference
303	counted or linked smart pointer.</p>
304	<P>It is possible to exploit <code>shared_ptr</code>'s custom deleter feature to
305	wrap this existing smart pointer behind a <code>shared_ptr</code> facade:</P>
306	<pre>template<class P> struct smart_pointer_deleter
307	{
308	private:
309
310	P p_;
311
312	public:
313
314	smart_pointer_deleter(P const & p): p_(p)
315	{
316	}
317
318	void operator()(void const *)
319	{
320	p_.reset();
321	}
322
323	P const & get() const
324	{
325	return p_;
326	}
327	};
328
329	shared_ptr<X> make_shared_from_another(another_ptr<X> qx)
330	{
331	shared_ptr<X> px(qx.get(), smart_pointer_deleter< another_ptr<X> >(qx));
332	return px;
333	}
334	</pre>
335	<p>One subtle point is that deleters are not allowed to throw exceptions, and the
336	above example as written assumes that <code>p_.reset()</code> doesn't throw. If
337	this is not the case, <code>p_.reset()</code> should be wrapped in a <code>try {}
338	catch(...) {}</code> block that ignores exceptions. In the (usually
339	unlikely) event when an exception is thrown and ignored, <code>p_</code> will
340	be released when the lifetime of the deleter ends. This happens when all
341	references, including weak pointers, are destroyed or reset.</p>
342	<P>Another twist is that it is possible, given the above <code>shared_ptr</code> instance,
343	to recover the original smart pointer, using <code><A href="shared_ptr.htm#get_deleter">
344	get_deleter</A></code>:</P>
345	<pre>void extract_another_from_shared(shared_ptr<X> px)
346	{
347	typedef smart_pointer_deleter< another_ptr<X> > deleter;
348
349	if(deleter const * pd = get_deleter<deleter>(px))
350	{
351	another_ptr<X> qx = pd->get();
352	}
353	else
354	{
355	// not one of ours
356	}
357	}
358	</pre>
359	<h2><A name="from_raw">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> from a raw pointer</A></h2>
360	<p>Sometimes it is necessary to obtain a <code>shared_ptr</code> given a raw
361	pointer to an object that is already managed by another <code>shared_ptr</code>
362	instance. Example:</p>
363	<pre>void f(X * p)
364	{
365	shared_ptr<X> px(<i>???</i>);
366	}
367	</pre>
368	<p>Inside <code>f</code>, we'd like to create a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>*p</code>.</p>
369	<P>In the general case, this problem has no solution. One approach is to modify <code>f</code>
370	to take a <code>shared_ptr</code>, if possible:</P>
371	<pre>void f(shared_ptr<X> px);
372	</pre>
373	<p>The same transformation can be used for nonvirtual member functions, to convert
374	the implicit <code>this</code>:</p>
375	<pre>void X::f(int m);
376	</pre>
377	<p>would become a free function with a <code>shared_ptr</code> first argument:</p>
378	<pre>void f(shared_ptr<X> this_, int m);
379	</pre>
380	<p>If <code>f</code> cannot be changed, but <code>X</code> uses intrusive counting,
381	use <code><A href="#intrusive">make_shared_from_intrusive</A></code> described
382	above. Or, if it's known that the <code>shared_ptr</code> created in <code>f</code>
383	will never outlive the object, use <A href="#static">a null deleter</A>.</p>
384	<h2><A name="in_constructor">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> (<code>weak_ptr</code>)
385	to <code>this</code> in a constructor</A></h2>
386	<p>Some designs require objects to register themselves on construction with a
387	central authority. When the registration routines take a shared_ptr, this leads
388	to the question how could a constructor obtain a shared_ptr to this:</p>
389	<pre>class X
390	{
391	public:
392
393	X()
394	{
395	shared_ptr<X> this_(<i>???</i>);
396	}
397	};
398	</pre>
399	<p>In the general case, the problem cannot be solved. The <code>X</code> instance
400	being constructed can be an automatic variable or a static variable; it can be
401	created on the heap:</p>
402	<pre>shared_ptr<X> px(new X);</pre>
403	<P>but at construction time, <code>px</code> does not exist yet, and it is
404	impossible to create another <code>shared_ptr</code> instance that shares
405	ownership with it.</P>
406	<P>Depending on context, if the inner <code>shared_ptr</code> <code>this_</code> doesn't
407	need to keep the object alive, use a <code>null_deleter</code> as explained <A href="#static">
408	here</A> and <A href="#weak_without_shared">here</A>. If <code>X</code> is
409	supposed to always live on the heap, and be managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code>,
410	use a static factory function:</P>
411	<pre>class X
412	{
413	private:
414
415	X() { ... }
416
417	public:
418
419	static shared_ptr<X> create()
420	{
421	shared_ptr<X> px(new X);
422	// use px as 'this_'
423	return px;
424	}
425	};
426	</pre>
427	<h2><A name="from_this">Obtaining a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>this</code></A></h2>
428	<p>Sometimes it is needed to obtain a <code>shared_ptr</code> from <code>this</code>
429	in a virtual member function under the assumption that <code>this</code> is
430	already managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code>. The transformations <A href="#from_raw">
431	described in the previous technique</A> cannot be applied.</p>
432	<P>A typical example:</P>
433	<pre>class X
434	{
435	public:
436
437	virtual void f() = 0;
438
439	protected:
440
441	~X() {}
442	};
443
444	class Y
445	{
446	public:
447
448	virtual shared_ptr<X> getX() = 0;
449
450	protected:
451
452	~Y() {}
453	};
454
455	// --
456
457	class impl: public X, public Y
458	{
459	public:
460
461	impl() { ... }
462
463	virtual void f() { ... }
464
465	virtual shared_ptr<X> getX()
466	{
467	shared_ptr<X> px(<i>???</i>);
468	return px;
469	}
470	};
471	</pre>
472	<p>The solution is to keep a weak pointer to <code>this</code> as a member in <code>impl</code>:</p>
473	<pre>class impl: public X, public Y
474	{
475	private:
476
477	weak_ptr<impl> weak_this;
478
479	impl(impl const &);
480	impl & operator=(impl const &);
481
482	impl() { ... }
483
484	public:
485
486	static shared_ptr<impl> create()
487	{
488	shared_ptr<impl> pi(new impl);
489	pi->weak_this = pi;
490	return pi;
491	}
492
493	virtual void f() { ... }
494
495	virtual shared_ptr<X> getX()
496	{
497	shared_ptr<X> px(weak_this);
498	return px;
499	}
500	};
501	</pre>
502	<p>The library now includes a helper class template <code><A href="enable_shared_from_this.html">
503	enable_shared_from_this</A></code> that can be used to encapsulate the
504	solution:</p>
505	<pre>class impl: public X, public Y, public enable_shared_from_this<impl>
506	{
507	public:
508
509	impl(impl const &);
510	impl & operator=(impl const &);
511
512	public:
513
514	virtual void f() { ... }
515
516	virtual shared_ptr<X> getX()
517	{
518	return shared_from_this();
519	}
520	}
521	</pre>
522	<p>Note that you no longer need to manually initialize the <code>weak_ptr</code> member
523	in <code><A href="enable_shared_from_this.html">enable_shared_from_this</A></code>.
524	Constructing a <code>shared_ptr</code> to <code>impl</code> takes care of that.</p>
525	<h2><A name="handle">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a smart counted handle</A></h2>
526	<p>Some library interfaces use opaque handles, a variation of the <A href="#incomplete">
527	incomplete class technique</A> described above. An example:</p>
528	<pre>typedef void * HANDLE;
529	HANDLE CreateProcess();
530	void CloseHandle(HANDLE);
531	</pre>
532	<p>Instead of a raw pointer, it is possible to use <code>shared_ptr</code> as the
533	handle and get reference counting and automatic resource management for free:</p>
534	<pre>typedef shared_ptr<void> handle;
535
536	handle createProcess()
537	{
538	shared_ptr<void> pv(CreateProcess(), CloseHandle);
539	return pv;
540	}
541	</pre>
542	<h2><A name="on_block_exit">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to execute code on block exit</A></h2>
543	<p><code>shared_ptr<void></code> can automatically execute cleanup code when
544	control leaves a scope.</p>
545	<UL>
546	<LI>
547	Executing <code>f(p)</code>, where <code>p</code> is a pointer:</LI></UL>
548	<pre> shared_ptr<void> guard(p, f);
549	</pre>
550	<UL>
551	<LI>
552	Executing arbitrary code: <code>f(x, y)</code>:</LI></UL>
553	<pre> shared_ptr<void> guard(static_cast<void*>(0), <A href="../bind/bind.html" >bind</A>(f, x, y));
554	</pre>
555	<P>For a more thorough treatment, see the article "Simplify Your Exception-Safe
556	Code" by Andrei Alexandrescu and Petru Marginean, available online at <A href="http://www.cuj.com/experts/1812/alexandr.htm?topic=experts">
557	http://www.cuj.com/experts/1812/alexandr.htm?topic=experts</A>.</P>
558	<h2><A name="pvoid">Using <code>shared_ptr<void></code> to hold an arbitrary
559	object</A></h2>
560	<p><code>shared_ptr<void></code> can act as a generic object pointer similar
561	to <code>void*</code>. When a <code>shared_ptr<void></code> instance
562	constructed as:</p>
563	<pre> shared_ptr<void> pv(new X);
564	</pre>
565	<p>is destroyed, it will correctly dispose of the <code>X</code> object by
566	executing <code>~X</code>.</p>
567	<p>This propery can be used in much the same manner as a raw <code>void*</code> is
568	used to temporarily strip type information from an object pointer. A <code>shared_ptr<void></code>
569	can later be cast back to the correct type by using <code><A href="shared_ptr.htm#static_pointer_cast">
570	static_pointer_cast</A></code>.</p>
571	<h2><A name="extra_data">Associating arbitrary data with heterogeneous <code>shared_ptr</code>
572	instances</A></h2>
573	<p><code>shared_ptr</code> and <code>weak_ptr</code> support <code>operator<</code>
574	comparisons required by standard associative containers such as <code>std::map</code>.
575	This can be used to non-intrusively associate arbitrary data with objects
576	managed by <code>shared_ptr</code>:</p>
577	<pre>typedef int Data;
578
579	std::map< shared_ptr<void>, Data > userData;
580	// or std::map< weak_ptr<void>, Data > userData; to not affect the lifetime
581
582	shared_ptr<X> px(new X);
583	shared_ptr<int> pi(new int(3));
584
585	userData[px] = 42;
586	userData[pi] = 91;
587	</pre>
588	<h2><A name="as_lock">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> as a CopyConstructible mutex lock</A></h2>
589	<p>Sometimes it's necessary to return a mutex lock from a function, and a
590	noncopyable lock cannot be returned by value. It is possible to use <code>shared_ptr</code>
591	as a mutex lock:</p>
592	<pre>class mutex
593	{
594	public:
595
596	void lock();
597	void unlock();
598	};
599
600	shared_ptr<mutex> lock(mutex & m)
601	{
602	m.lock();
603	return shared_ptr<mutex>(&m, mem_fn(&mutex::unlock));
604	}
605	</pre>
606	<p>Better yet, the <code>shared_ptr</code> instance acting as a lock can be
607	encapsulated in a dedicated <code>shared_lock</code> class:</p>
608	<pre>class shared_lock
609	{
610	private:
611
612	shared_ptr<void> pv;
613
614	public:
615
616	template<class Mutex> explicit shared_lock(Mutex & m): pv((m.lock(), &m), mem_fn(&Mutex::unlock)) {}
617	};
618	</pre>
619	<p><code>shared_lock</code> can now be used as:</p>
620	<pre> shared_lock lock(m);
621	</pre>
622	<p>Note that <code>shared_lock</code> is not templated on the mutex type, thanks to <code>
623	shared_ptr<void></code>'s ability to hide type information.</p>
624	<h2><A name="wrapper">Using <code>shared_ptr</code> to wrap member function calls</A></h2>
625	<p><code>shared_ptr</code> implements the ownership semantics required from the <code>Wrap</code>/<code>CallProxy</code>
626	scheme described in Bjarne Stroustrup's article "Wrapping C++ Member Function
627	Calls" (available online at <A href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/wrapper.pdf">http://www.research.att.com/~bs/wrapper.pdf</A>).
628	An implementation is given below:</p>
629	<pre>template<class T> class pointer
630	{
631	private:
632
633	T * p_;
634
635	public:
636
637	explicit pointer(T * p): p_(p)
638	{
639	}
640
641	shared_ptr<T> operator->() const
642	{
643	p_->prefix();
644	return shared_ptr<T>(p_, <A href="../bind/mem_fn.html" >mem_fn</A>(&T::suffix));
645	}
646	};
647
648	class X
649	{
650	private:
651
652	void prefix();
653	void suffix();
654	friend class pointer<X>;
655
656	public:
657
658	void f();
659	void g();
660	};
661
662	int main()
663	{
664	X x;
665
666	pointer<X> px(&x);
667
668	px->f();
669	px->g();
670	}
671	</pre>
672	<h2><A name="delayed">Delayed deallocation</A></h2>
673	<p>In some situations, a single <code>px.reset()</code> can trigger an expensive
674	deallocation in a performance-critical region:</p>
675	<pre>class X; // ~X is expensive
676
677	class Y
678	{
679	shared_ptr<X> px;
680
681	public:
682
683	void f()
684	{
685	px.reset();
686	}
687	};
688	</pre>
689	<p>The solution is to postpone the potential deallocation by moving <code>px</code>
690	to a dedicated free list that can be periodically emptied when performance and
691	response times are not an issue:</p>
692	<pre>vector< shared_ptr<void> > free_list;
693
694	class Y
695	{
696	shared_ptr<X> px;
697
698	public:
699
700	void f()
701	{
702	free_list.push_back(px);
703	px.reset();
704	}
705	};
706
707	// periodically invoke free_list.clear() when convenient
708	</pre>
709	<p>Another variation is to move the free list logic to the construction point by
710	using a delayed deleter:</p>
711	<pre>struct delayed_deleter
712	{
713	template<class T> void operator()(T * p)
714	{
715	try
716	{
717	shared_ptr<void> pv(p);
718	free_list.push_back(pv);
719	}
720	catch(...)
721	{
722	}
723	}
724	};
725	</pre>
726	<h2><A name="weak_without_shared">Weak pointers to objects not managed by a <code>shared_ptr</code></A></h2>
727	<p>Make the object hold a <code>shared_ptr</code> to itself, using a <code>null_deleter</code>:</p>
728	<pre>class X
729	{
730	private:
731
732	shared_ptr<X> this_;
733	int i_;
734
735	public:
736
737	explicit X(int i): this_(this, null_deleter()), i_(i)
738	{
739	}
740
741	// repeat in all constructors (including the copy constructor!)
742
743	X(X const & rhs): this_(this, null_deleter()), i_(rhs.i_)
744	{
745	}
746
747	// do not forget to not assign this_ in the copy assignment
748
749	X & operator=(X const & rhs)
750	{
751	i_ = rhs.i_;
752	}
753
754	weak_ptr<X> get_weak_ptr() const { return this_; }
755	};
756	</pre>
757	<p>When the object's lifetime ends, <code>X::this_</code> will be destroyed, and
758	all weak pointers will automatically expire.</p>
759	<hr>
760	<p>$Date: 2006/11/09 20:22:24 $</p>
761	<p><small>Copyright © 2003 Peter Dimov. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version
762	1.0. See accompanying file <A href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</A> or
763	copy at <A href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</A>.</small></p>
764	</body>
765	</html>

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