source: downloads/boost_1_34_1/libs/thread/doc/glossary.xml @ 35

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<!-- Copyright (c) 2002-2003 William E. Kempf, Michael Glassford
     Subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. 
     (See accompanying file LICENSE-1.0 or  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE-1.0)
-->
<glossary id="thread.glossary" last-revision="$Date: 2006/10/15 14:52:53 $">
  <title>Glossary</title>
  <para>Definitions are given in terms of the C++ Standard
  &cite.ISO98;. References to the standard are in the form [1.2.3/4], which
  represents the section number, with the paragraph number following the
  "/".</para>
  <para>Because the definitions are written in something akin to "standardese",
  they can be difficult to understand. The intent isn't to confuse, but rather
  to clarify the additional requirements &Boost.Thread; places on a C++
  implementation as defined by the C++ Standard.</para>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.thread">
    <glossterm>Thread</glossterm>
    <glossdef>
          <para>Thread is short for "thread of execution". A thread of execution is
          an execution environment [1.9/7] within the execution environment of a C++
          program [1.9]. The main() function [3.6.1] of the program is the initial
          function of the initial thread. A program in a multithreading environment
          always has an initial thread even if the program explicitly creates no
          additional threads.</para>
      <para>Unless otherwise specified, each thread shares all aspects of its
          execution environment with other threads in the program. Shared aspects of
          the execution environment include, but are not limited to, the
          following:</para>
          <itemizedlist>
        <listitem><para>Static storage duration (static, extern) objects
                [3.7.1].</para></listitem>
            <listitem><para>Dynamic storage duration (heap) objects [3.7.3]. Thus
                each memory allocation will return a unique addresses, regardless of the
                thread making the allocation request.</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>Automatic storage duration (stack) objects [3.7.2]
                accessed via pointer or reference from another thread.</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>Resources provided by the operating system. For example,
                files.</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>The program itself. In other words, each thread is
                executing some function of the same program, not a totally different
                program.</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>Each thread has its own:</para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem><para>Registers and current execution sequence (program
                counter) [1.9/5].</para></listitem>
        <listitem><para>Automatic storage duration (stack) objects
                [3.7.2].</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.thread-safe">
    <glossterm>Thread-safe</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
      <para>A program is thread-safe if it has no <link
          linkend="thread.glossary.race-condition">race conditions</link>, does
          not <link linkend="thread.glossary.deadlock">deadlock</link>, and has
          no <link linkend="thread.glossary.priority-failure">priority
          failures</link>.</para>
          <para>Note that thread-safety does not necessarily imply efficiency, and
          than while some thread-safety violations can be determined statically at
          compile time, many thread-safety errors can only only be detected at
          runtime.</para>
        </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.thread-state">
    <glossterm>Thread State</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
      <para>During the lifetime of a thread, it shall be in one of the following
          states:</para>
          <table>
                <title>Thread States</title>
                <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
                        <thead>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>State</entry>
                                        <entry>Description</entry>
                                </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Ready</entry>
                                        <entry>Ready to run, but waiting for a processor.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Running</entry>
                                        <entry>Currently executing on a processor. Zero or more threads
                                        may be running at any time, with a maximum equal to the number of
                                        processors.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Blocked</entry>
                                        <entry>Waiting for some resource other than a processor which is
                                        not currently available, or for the completion of calls to library
                                        functions [1.9/6]. The term "waiting" is synonymous with
                                        "blocked"</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Terminated</entry>
                                        <entry>Finished execution but not yet detached or joined.</entry>
                                </row>
                        </tbody>
                </tgroup>
          </table>
      <para>Thread state transitions shall occur only as specified:</para>
          <table>
                <title>Thread States Transitions</title>
                <tgroup cols="3" align="left">
                        <thead>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>From</entry>
                                        <entry>To</entry>
                                        <entry>Cause</entry>
                                </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>[none]</entry>
                                        <entry>Ready</entry>
                                        <entry><para>Thread is created by a call to a library function. 
                                        In the case of the initial thread, creation is implicit and 
                                        occurs during the startup of the main() function [3.6.1].</para></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Ready</entry>
                                        <entry>Running</entry>
                                        <entry><para>Processor becomes available.</para></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Running</entry>
                                        <entry>Ready</entry>
                                        <entry>Thread preempted.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Running</entry>
                                        <entry>Blocked</entry>
                                        <entry>Thread calls a library function which waits for a resource or
                                        for the completion of I/O.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Running</entry>
                                        <entry>Terminated</entry>
                                        <entry>Thread returns from its initial function, calls a thread
                                        termination library function, or is canceled by some other thread
                                        calling a thread termination library function.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Blocked</entry>
                                        <entry>Ready</entry>
                                        <entry>The resource being waited for becomes available, or the
                                        blocking library function completes.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Terminated</entry>
                                        <entry>[none]</entry>
                                        <entry>Thread is detached or joined by some other thread calling the
                                        appropriate library function, or by program termination
                                        [3.6.3].</entry>
                                </row>
                        </tbody>
                </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>[Note: if a suspend() function is added to the threading library,
          additional transitions to the blocked state will have to be added to the
          above table.]</para>
    </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.race-condition">
    <glossterm>Race Condition</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
      <para>A race condition is what occurs when multiple threads read from and write
          to the same memory without proper synchronization, resulting in an incorrect
          value being read or written. The result of a race condition may be a bit
          pattern which isn't even a valid value for the data type. A race condition
          results in undefined behavior [1.3.12].</para>
      <para>Race conditions can be prevented by serializing memory access using
          the tools provided by &Boost.Thread;.</para>
    </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.deadlock">
    <glossterm>Deadlock</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
      <para>Deadlock is an execution state where for some set of threads, each
          thread in the set is blocked waiting for some action by one of the other
          threads in the set. Since each is waiting on the others, none will ever
          become ready again.</para>
        </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.starvation">
    <glossterm>Starvation</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
          <para>The condition in which a thread is not making sufficient progress in
          its work during a given time interval.</para>
        </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.priority-failure">
    <glossterm>Priority Failure</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
          <para>A priority failure (such as priority inversion or infinite overtaking)
          occurs when threads are executed in such a sequence that required work is not
          performed in time to be useful.</para>
        </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.undefined-behavior">
    <glossterm>Undefined Behavior</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
          <para>The result of certain operations in &Boost.Thread; is undefined;
          this means that those operations can invoke almost any behavior when
          they are executed.</para>
          
          <para>An operation whose behavior is undefined can work "correctly"
          in some implementations (i.e., do what the programmer thought it
          would do), while in other implementations it may exhibit almost
          any "incorrect" behavior--such as returning an invalid value,
          throwing an exception, generating an access violation, or terminating 
          the process.</para>
          
          <para>Executing a statement whose behavior is undefined is a
          programming error.</para>
        </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <glossentry id="thread.glossary.memory-visibility">
    <glossterm>Memory Visibility</glossterm>
        <glossdef>
          <para>An address [1.7] shall always point to the same memory byte,
          regardless of the thread or processor dereferencing the address.</para>
      <para>An object [1.8, 1.9] is accessible from multiple threads if it is of
          static storage duration (static, extern) [3.7.1], or if a pointer or
          reference to it is explicitly or implicitly dereferenced in multiple
          threads.</para>
          <para>For an object accessible from multiple threads, the value of the
          object accessed from one thread may be indeterminate or different from the
          value accessed from another thread, except under the conditions specified in
          the following table. For the same row of the table, the value of an object
          accessible at the indicated sequence point in thread A will be determinate
          and the same if accessed at or after the indicated sequence point in thread
          B, provided the object is not otherwise modified. In the table, the
          "sequence point at a call" is the sequence point after the evaluation of all
          function arguments [1.9/17], while the "sequence point after a call" is the
          sequence point after the copying of the returned value... [1.9/17].</para>
      <table>
                <title>Memory Visibility</title>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                        <thead>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>Thread A</entry>
                                        <entry>Thread B</entry>
                                </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>The sequence point at a call to a library thread-creation
                                        function.</entry>
                                        <entry>The first sequence point of the initial function in the new
                                        thread created by the Thread A call.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>The sequence point at a call to a library function which
                                        locks a mutex, directly or by waiting for a condition
                                        variable.</entry>
                                        <entry>The sequence point after a call to a library function which
                                        unlocks the same mutex.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>The last sequence point before thread termination.</entry>
                                        <entry>The sequence point after a call to a library function which
                                        joins the terminated thread.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                        <entry>The sequence point at a call to a library function which
                                        signals or broadcasts a condition variable.</entry>
                                        <entry>The sequence point after the call to the library function
                                        which was waiting on that same condition variable or signal.</entry>
                                </row>
                        </tbody>
                </tgroup>
      </table>
      <para>The architecture of the execution environment and the observable
          behavior of the abstract machine [1.9] shall be the same on all
          processors.</para>
          <para>The latitude granted by the C++ standard for an implementation to
          alter the definition of observable behavior of the abstract machine to
          include additional library I/O functions [1.9/6] is extended to include
          threading library functions.</para>
          <para>When an exception is thrown and there is no matching exception handler
          in the same thread, behavior is undefined. The preferred behavior is the
          same as when there is no matching exception handler in a program
          [15.3/9]. That is, terminate() is called, and it is implementation-defined
          whether or not the stack is unwound.</para>
    </glossdef>
  </glossentry>
  <section>
    <title>Acknowledgements</title>
    <para>This document was originally written by Beman Dawes, and then much
        improved by the incorporation of comments from William Kempf, who now
        maintains the contents.</para>
        <para>The visibility rules are based on &cite.Butenhof97;.</para>
  </section>
</glossary>