source: downloads/boost_1_34_1/libs/thread/doc/rationale.xml @ 33

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<!-- Copyright (c) 2002-2003 William E. Kempf, Michael Glassford
     Subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. 
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<section id="thread.rationale" last-revision="$Date: 2006/10/15 14:52:53 $">
  <title>Rationale</title>
  <para>This page explains the rationale behind various design decisions in the
  &Boost.Thread; library. Having the rationale documented here should explain
  how we arrived at the current design as well as prevent future rehashing of
  discussions and thought processes that have already occurred. It can also give
  users a lot of insight into the design process required for this
  library.</para>
  <section id="thread.rationale.Boost.Thread">
    <title>Rationale for the Creation of &Boost.Thread;</title>
    <para>Processes often have a degree of "potential parallelism" and it can
        often be more intuitive to design systems with this in mind. Further, these
        parallel processes can result in more responsive programs. The benefits for
        multithreaded programming are quite well known to most modern programmers,
        yet the C++ language doesn't directly support this concept.</para>
    <para>Many platforms support multithreaded programming despite the fact that
        the language doesn't support it. They do this through external libraries,
        which are, unfortunately, platform specific. POSIX has tried to address this
        problem through the standardization of a "pthread" library. However, this is
        a standard only on POSIX platforms, so its portability is limited.</para>
    <para>Another problem with POSIX and other platform specific thread
        libraries is that they are almost universally C based libraries. This leaves
        several C++ specific issues unresolved, such as what happens when an
        exception is thrown in a thread. Further, there are some C++ concepts, such
        as destructors, that can make usage much easier than what's available in a C
        library.</para>
    <para>What's truly needed is C++ language support for threads. However, the
        C++ standards committee needs existing practice or a good proposal as a
        starting point for adding this to the standard.</para>
    <para>The &Boost.Thread; library was developed to provide a C++ developer
        with a portable interface for writing multithreaded programs on numerous
        platforms. There's a hope that the library can be the basis for a more
        detailed proposal for the C++ standards committee to consider for inclusion
        in the next C++ standard.</para>
  </section>
  <section id="thread.rationale.primitives">
    <title>Rationale for the Low Level Primitives Supported in &Boost.Thread;</title>
    <para>The &Boost.Thread; library supplies a set of low level primitives for
        writing multithreaded programs, such as mutexes and condition variables. In
        fact, the first release of &Boost.Thread; supports only these low level
        primitives. However, computer science research has shown that use of these
        primitives is difficult since it's difficult to mathematically prove that a
        usage pattern is correct, meaning it doesn't result in race conditions or
        deadlocks. There are several algebras (such as CSP, CCS and Join calculus)
        that have been developed to help write provably correct parallel
        processes. In order to prove the correctness these processes must be coded
        using higher level abstractions. So why does &Boost.Thread; support the
        lower level concepts?</para>
    <para>The reason is simple: the higher level concepts need to be implemented
        using at least some of the lower level concepts. So having portable lower
        level concepts makes it easier to develop the higher level concepts and will
        allow researchers to experiment with various techniques.</para>
    <para>Beyond this theoretical application of higher level concepts, however,
        the fact remains that many multithreaded programs are written using only the
        lower level concepts, so they are useful in and of themselves, even if it's
        hard to prove that their usage is correct. Since many users will be familiar
        with these lower level concepts but unfamiliar with any of the higher
        level concepts, supporting the lower level concepts provides
        greater accessibility.</para>
  </section>
  <section id="thread.rationale.locks">
    <title>Rationale for the Lock Design</title>
    <para>Programmers who are used to multithreaded programming issues will
        quickly note that the &Boost.Thread; design for mutex lock concepts is not
        <link linkend="thread.glossary.thread-safe">thread-safe</link> (this is
        clearly documented as well). At first this may seem like a serious design
        flaw. Why have a multithreading primitive that's not thread-safe
        itself?</para>
    <para>A lock object is not a synchronization primitive. A lock object's sole
        responsibility is to ensure that a mutex is both locked and unlocked in a
        manner that won't result in the common error of locking a mutex and then
        forgetting to unlock it. This means that instances of a lock object are only
        going to be created, at least in theory, within block scope and won't be
        shared between threads. Only the mutex objects will be created outside of
        block scope and/or shared between threads. Though it's possible to create a
        lock object outside of block scope and to share it between threads, to do so
        would not be a typical usage (in fact, to do so would likely be an
        error). Nor are there any cases when such usage would be required.</para>
    <para>Lock objects must maintain some state information. In order to allow a
        program to determine if a try_lock or timed_lock was successful the lock
        object must retain state indicating the success or failure of the call made
        in its constructor. If a lock object were to have such state and remain
        thread-safe it would need to synchronize access to the state information
        which would result in roughly doubling the time of most operations. Worse,
        since checking the state can occur only by a call after construction, we'd
        have a race condition if the lock object were shared between threads.</para>
    <para>So, to avoid the overhead of synchronizing access to the state
        information and to avoid the race condition, the &Boost.Thread; library
        simply does nothing to make lock objects thread-safe. Instead, sharing a
        lock object between threads results in undefined behavior. Since the only
        proper usage of lock objects is within block scope this isn't a problem, and
        so long as the lock object is properly used there's no danger of any
        multithreading issues.</para>
  </section>
  <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable">
    <title>Rationale for NonCopyable Thread Type</title>
    <para>Programmers who are used to C libraries for multithreaded programming
        are likely to wonder why &Boost.Thread; uses a noncopyable design for
        <classname>boost::thread</classname>. After all, the C thread types are
        copyable, and you often have a need for copying them within user
        code. However, careful comparison of C designs to C++ designs shows a flaw
        in this logic.</para>
    <para>All C types are copyable. It is, in fact, not possible to make a
        noncopyable type in C. For this reason types that represent system resources
        in C are often designed to behave very similarly to a pointer to dynamic
        memory. There's an API for acquiring the resource and an API for releasing
        the resource. For memory we have pointers as the type and alloc/free for
        the acquisition and release APIs. For files we have FILE* as the type and
        fopen/fclose for the acquisition and release APIs. You can freely copy
        instances of the types but must manually manage the lifetime of the actual
        resource through the acquisition and release APIs.</para>
    <para>C++ designs recognize that the acquisition and release APIs are error
        prone and try to eliminate possible errors by acquiring the resource in the
        constructor and releasing it in the destructor. The best example of such a
        design is the std::iostream set of classes which can represent the same
        resource as the FILE* type in C. A file is opened in the std::fstream's
        constructor and closed in its destructor. However, if an iostream were
        copyable it could lead to a file being closed twice, an obvious error, so
        the std::iostream types are noncopyable by design. This is the same design
        used by boost::thread, which is a simple and easy to understand design
        that's consistent with other C++ standard types.</para>
    <para>During the design of boost::thread it was pointed out that it would be
        possible to allow it to be a copyable type if some form of "reference
        management" were used, such as ref-counting or ref-lists, and many argued
        for a boost::thread_ref design instead. The reasoning was that copying
        "thread" objects was a typical need in the C libraries, and so presumably
        would be in the C++ libraries as well. It was also thought that
        implementations could provide more efficient reference management than
        wrappers (such as boost::shared_ptr) around a noncopyable thread
        concept. Analysis of whether or not these arguments would hold true doesn't
        appear to bear them out. To illustrate the analysis we'll first provide
        pseudo-code illustrating the six typical usage patterns of a thread
        object.</para>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.simple">
          <title>1. Use case: Simple creation of a thread.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         create_thread(&amp;bar);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.joined">
          <title>2. Use case: Creation of a thread that's later joined.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         join(thread);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.loop">
          <title>3. Use case: Simple creation of several threads in a loop.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            create_thread(&amp;bar);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.loop-join">
          <title>4. Use case: Creation of several threads in a loop which are later joined.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            threads[i] = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            threads[i].join();
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.pass">
          <title>5. Use case: Creation of a thread whose ownership is passed to another object/method.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         manager.owns(thread);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale.non-copyable.shared">
          <title>6. Use case: Creation of a thread whose ownership is shared between multiple
          objects.</title>
          <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         manager1.add(thread);
         manager2.add(thread);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
    <para>Of these usage patterns there's only one that requires reference
        management (number 6). Hopefully it's fairly obvious that this usage pattern
        simply won't occur as often as the other usage patterns. So there really
        isn't a "typical need" for a thread concept, though there is some
        need.</para>
    <para>Since the need isn't typical we must use different criteria for
        deciding on either a thread_ref or thread design. Possible criteria include
        ease of use and performance. So let's analyze both of these
        carefully.</para>
    <para>With ease of use we can look at existing experience. The standard C++
        objects that represent a system resource, such as std::iostream, are
        noncopyable, so we know that C++ programmers must at least be experienced
        with this design. Most C++ developers are also used to smart pointers such
        as boost::shared_ptr, so we know they can at least adapt to a thread_ref
        concept with little effort. So existing experience isn't going to lead us to
        a choice.</para>
    <para>The other thing we can look at is how difficult it is to use both
        types for the six usage patterns above. If we find it overly difficult to
        use a concept for any of the usage patterns there would be a good argument
        for choosing the other design. So we'll code all six usage patterns using
        both designs.</para>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.simple">
          <title>1. Comparison: simple creation of a thread.</title>
          <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread thrd(&amp;bar);
      }
      void foo()
      {
         thread_ref thrd = create_thread(&amp;bar);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.joined">
          <title>2. Comparison: creation of a thread that's later joined.</title>
          <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread thrd(&amp;bar);
         thrd.join();
      }
      void foo()
      {
         thread_ref thrd =
         create_thread(&amp;bar);thrd-&gt;join();
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop">
          <title>3. Comparison: simple creation of several threads in a loop.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            thread thrd(&amp;bar);
      }
      void foo()
      {
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            thread_ref thrd = create_thread(&amp;bar);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">
          <title>4. Comparison: creation of several threads in a loop which are later joined.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         std::auto_ptr&lt;thread&gt; threads[NUM_THREADS];
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            threads[i] = std::auto_ptr&lt;thread&gt;(new thread(&amp;bar));
         for (int i= 0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS;
             ++i)threads[i]-&gt;join();
      }
      void foo()
      {
         thread_ref threads[NUM_THREADS];
         for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
            threads[i] = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         for (int i= 0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS;
            ++i)threads[i]-&gt;join();
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.pass">
          <title>5. Comparison: creation of a thread whose ownership is passed to another object/method.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         thread thrd* = new thread(&amp;bar);
         manager.owns(thread);
      }
      void foo()
      {
         thread_ref thrd = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         manager.owns(thrd);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
        <section id="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.shared">
          <title>6. Comparison: creation of a thread whose ownership is shared 
          between multiple objects.</title>
      <programlisting>
      void foo()
      {
         boost::shared_ptr&lt;thread&gt; thrd(new thread(&amp;bar));
         manager1.add(thrd);
         manager2.add(thrd);
      }
      void foo()
      {
         thread_ref thrd = create_thread(&amp;bar);
         manager1.add(thrd);
         manager2.add(thrd);
      }
      </programlisting>
        </section>
    <para>This shows the usage patterns being nearly identical in complexity for
        both designs. The only actual added complexity occurs because of the use of
        operator new in 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link>,
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.pass">(5)</link>, and
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.shared">(6)</link>;
        and the use of std::auto_ptr and boost::shared_ptr in 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link> and 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.shared">(6)</link>
        respectively. However, that's not really
        much added complexity, and C++ programmers are used to using these idioms
        anyway. Some may dislike the presence of operator new in user code, but
        this can be eliminated by proper design of higher level concepts, such as
        the boost::thread_group class that simplifies example 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link>
        down to:</para>
    <programlisting>
    void foo()
    {
       thread_group threads;
       for (int i=0; i&lt;NUM_THREADS; ++i)
          threads.create_thread(&amp;bar);
       threads.join_all();
    }
    </programlisting>
    <para>So ease of use is really a wash and not much help in picking a
        design.</para>
    <para>So what about performance? Looking at the above code examples, 
    we can analyze the theoretical impact to performance that both designs
        have. For <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.simple">(1)</link>
        we can see that platforms that don't have a ref-counted native
        thread type (POSIX, for instance) will be impacted by a thread_ref
        design. Even if the native thread type is ref-counted there may be an impact
        if more state information has to be maintained for concepts foreign to the
        native API, such as clean up stacks for Win32 implementations. 
        For <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.joined">(2)</link>
        and <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop">(3)</link>
        the performance impact will be identical to
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.simple">(1)</link>.
        For <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link>
        things get a little more interesting and we find that theoretically at least
        the thread_ref may perform faster since the thread design requires dynamic
        memory allocation/deallocation. However, in practice there may be dynamic
        allocation for the thread_ref design as well, it will just be hidden from
        the user. As long as the implementation has to do dynamic allocations the
        thread_ref loses again because of the reference management. For 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.pass">(5)</link> we see
        the same impact as we do for 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link>.
        For <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.shared">(6)</link>
        we still have a possible impact to
        the thread design because of dynamic allocation but thread_ref no longer
        suffers because of its reference management, and in fact, theoretically at
        least, the thread_ref may do a better job of managing the references. All of
        this indicates that thread wins for 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.simple">(1)</link>, 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.joined">(2)</link> and 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop">(3)</link>; with 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.loop-join">(4)</link>
        and <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.pass">(5)</link> the
        winner depending on the implementation and the platform but with the thread design
        probably having a better chance; and with 
        <link linkend="thread.rationale_comparison.non-copyable.shared">(6)</link> 
        it will again depend on the
        implementation and platform but this time we favor thread_ref
        slightly. Given all of this it's a narrow margin, but the thread design
        prevails.</para>
        <para>Given this analysis, and the fact that noncopyable objects for system
        resources are the normal designs that C++ programmers are used to dealing
        with, the &Boost.Thread; library has gone with a noncopyable design.</para>
  </section>
  <section id="thread.rationale.events">
    <title>Rationale for not providing <emphasis>Event Variables</emphasis></title>
    <para><emphasis>Event variables</emphasis> are simply far too
        error-prone. <classname>boost::condition</classname> variables are a much safer
        alternative. [Note that Graphical User Interface <emphasis>events</emphasis> are 
        a different concept, and are not what is being discussed here.]</para>
    <para>Event variables were one of the first synchronization primitives. They
        are still used today, for example, in the native Windows multithreading
        API. Yet both respected computer science researchers and experienced
        multithreading practitioners believe event variables are so inherently
        error-prone that they should never be used, and thus should not be part of a
        multithreading library.</para>
    <para>Per Brinch Hansen &cite.Hansen73; analyzed event variables in some
        detail, pointing out [emphasis his] that "<emphasis>event operations force
        the programmer to be aware of the relative speeds of the sending and
        receiving processes</emphasis>". His summary:</para>
    <blockquote>
      <para>We must therefore conclude that event variables of the previous type
          are impractical for system design. <emphasis>The effect of an interaction
          between two processes must be independent of the speed at which it is
          carried out.</emphasis></para>
    </blockquote>
    <para>Experienced programmers using the Windows platform today report that
        event variables are a continuing source of errors, even after previous bad
        experiences caused them to be very careful in their use of event
        variables. Overt problems can be avoided, for example, by teaming the event
        variable with a mutex, but that may just convert a <link
        linkend="thread.glossary.race-condition">race condition</link> into another
        problem, such as excessive resource use. One of the most distressing aspects
        of the experience reports is the claim that many defects are latent. That
        is, the programs appear to work correctly, but contain hidden timing
        dependencies which will cause them to fail when environmental factors or
        usage patterns change, altering relative thread timings.</para>
    <para>The decision to exclude event variables from &Boost.Thread; has been
        surprising to some Windows programmers. They have written programs which
        work using event variables, and wonder what the problem is. It seems similar
        to the "goto considered harmful" controversy of 30 years ago. It isn't that
        events, like gotos, can't be made to work, but rather that virtually all
        programs using alternatives will be easier to write, debug, read, maintain,
        and will be less likely to contain latent defects.</para>
    <para>[Rationale provided by Beman Dawes]</para>
  </section>
</section>