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| 8 | |
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| 9 | <title>Writing Documentation for Boost - Documentation Structure</title> |
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| 10 | </head> |
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| 11 | |
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| 12 | <body link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080"> |
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| 13 | <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary= |
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| 14 | "header"> |
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| 15 | <tr> |
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| 16 | <td valign="top" width="300"> |
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| 17 | <h3><a href="index.html"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" |
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| 18 | src="../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3> |
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| 19 | </td> |
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| 20 | |
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| 21 | <td valign="top"> |
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| 22 | <h1 align="center">Writing Documentation for Boost</h1> |
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| 23 | |
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| 24 | <h2 align="center">Documentation Structure</h2> |
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| 25 | </td> |
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| 26 | </tr> |
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| 27 | </table> |
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| 28 | <hr> |
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| 29 | |
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| 30 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 31 | <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt> |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | <dt><a href="#standards-conforming">Standards Conforming |
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| 34 | Documentation</a></dt> |
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| 35 | |
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| 36 | <dd> |
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| 37 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 38 | <dt><a href="#elements">Document elements</a></dt> |
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| 39 | |
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| 40 | <dd> |
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| 41 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 42 | <dt><a href="#summary">Summary</a></dt> |
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| 43 | |
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| 44 | <dt><a href="#requirements">Requirements</a></dt> |
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| 45 | |
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| 46 | <dt><a href="#detailed-specs">Detailed specifications</a></dt> |
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| 47 | |
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| 48 | <dt><a href="#ref-cpp">References to the Standard C++ |
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| 49 | library</a></dt> |
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| 50 | |
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| 51 | <dt><a href="#ref-c">References to the Standard C |
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| 52 | library</a></dt> |
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| 53 | </dl> |
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| 54 | </dd> |
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| 55 | |
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| 56 | <dt><a href="#other">Other conventions</a></dt> |
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| 57 | |
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| 58 | <dd> |
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| 59 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 60 | <dt><a href="#type-descs">Type descriptions</a></dt> |
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| 61 | </dl> |
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| 62 | </dd> |
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| 63 | </dl> |
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| 64 | </dd> |
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| 65 | |
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| 66 | <dt><a href="#more">More Information</a></dt> |
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| 67 | |
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| 68 | <dd> |
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| 69 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 70 | <dt><a href="#function-semantic-explanations">Function semantic |
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| 71 | element explanations</a></dt> |
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| 72 | |
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| 73 | <dd> |
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| 74 | <dl class="page-index"> |
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| 75 | <dt><a href="#requires">Requires</a></dt> |
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| 76 | |
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| 77 | <dt><a href="#effects">Effects</a></dt> |
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| 78 | |
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| 79 | <dt><a href="#postconditions">Postconditions</a></dt> |
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| 80 | |
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| 81 | <dt><a href="#returns">Returns</a></dt> |
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| 82 | |
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| 83 | <dt><a href="#throws">Throws</a></dt> |
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| 84 | |
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| 85 | <dt><a href="#complexity">Complexity</a></dt> |
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| 86 | |
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| 87 | <dt><a href="#rationale">Rationale</a></dt> |
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| 88 | </dl> |
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| 89 | </dd> |
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| 90 | </dl> |
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| 91 | </dd> |
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| 92 | |
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| 93 | <dt><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt> |
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| 94 | </dl> |
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| 95 | |
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| 96 | <h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction">Introduction</a></h2> |
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| 97 | |
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| 98 | <p>Boost itself does not require any specific documentation structure. The |
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| 99 | C++ Standard, however, has very explicit requirements for the description |
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| 100 | of library components (Section 17.3). So for Boost libraries likely to be |
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| 101 | proposed for inclusion in the standard, it is highly desirable to structure |
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| 102 | documentation in a way that meets the requirements of the the standard. |
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| 103 | Doing so eliminates the need to rewrite the documentation for |
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| 104 | standardization.</p> |
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| 105 | |
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| 106 | <p>Library developers should remember that for a library to be accepted as |
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| 107 | part of the C++ Standard Library, the proposal must include full wording. |
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| 108 | The committee will not do that work for you.</p> |
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| 109 | |
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| 110 | <p>Beyond that, the documentation structure required for the standard is an |
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| 111 | effective way to communicate the technical specifications for a library. |
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| 112 | Although terse, it is already familiar to many Boost users, and is far more |
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| 113 | precise than most ad hoc documentation structures.</p> |
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| 114 | |
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| 115 | <p>The following description is for the structure of documentation required |
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| 116 | by the standard. Boost libraries should also provided additional |
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| 117 | documentation, such as introductory, tutorial, example, and rationale |
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| 118 | material.</p> |
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| 119 | |
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| 120 | <h2><a name="standards-conforming" id="standards-conforming">Standards |
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| 121 | Conforming</a> Documentation</h2> |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | <h3><a name="elements" id="elements">Document elements</a></h3> |
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| 124 | |
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| 125 | <p>Each document contains the following elements, as applicable<a class= |
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| 126 | "footnote" href="#footnote1">(1)</a>:</p> |
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| 127 | |
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| 128 | <ul> |
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| 129 | <li><a href="#summary">Summary</a></li> |
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| 130 | |
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| 131 | <li><a href="#requirements">Requirements</a></li> |
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| 132 | |
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| 133 | <li><a href="#detailed-specs">Detailed specifications</a></li> |
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| 134 | |
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| 135 | <li><a href="#ref-cpp">References to the Standard C++ library</a></li> |
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| 136 | |
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| 137 | <li><a href="#ref-c">References to the Standard C library</a></li> |
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| 138 | </ul> |
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| 139 | |
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| 140 | <h4><a name="summary" id="summary">Summary</a></h4> |
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| 141 | |
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| 142 | <p>The Summary provides a synopsis of the category, and introduces the |
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| 143 | first-level subclauses. Each subclause also provides a summary, listing the |
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| 144 | headers specified in the subclause and the library entities provided in |
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| 145 | each header.</p> |
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| 146 | |
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| 147 | <p>Paragraphs labeled "Note(s):" or "Example(s):" are informative, other |
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| 148 | paragraphs are normative.</p> |
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| 149 | |
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| 150 | <p>The summary and the detailed specifications are presented in the |
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| 151 | order:</p> |
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| 152 | |
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| 153 | <ul> |
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| 154 | <li>Macros</li> |
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| 155 | |
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| 156 | <li>Values</li> |
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| 157 | |
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| 158 | <li>Types</li> |
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| 159 | |
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| 160 | <li>Classes</li> |
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| 161 | |
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| 162 | <li>Functions</li> |
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| 163 | |
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| 164 | <li>Objects</li> |
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| 165 | </ul> |
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| 166 | |
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| 167 | <h4><a name="requirements" id="requirements">Requirements</a></h4> |
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| 168 | |
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| 169 | <p>The library can be extended by a C++ program. Each clause, as |
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| 170 | applicable, describes the requirements that such extensions must meet. Such |
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| 171 | extensions are generally one of the following:</p> |
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| 172 | |
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| 173 | <ul> |
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| 174 | <li>Template arguments</li> |
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| 175 | |
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| 176 | <li>Derived classes</li> |
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| 177 | |
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| 178 | <li>Containers, iterators, and/or algorithms that meet an interface |
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| 179 | convention</li> |
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| 180 | </ul> |
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| 181 | |
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| 182 | <p>Interface convention requirements are stated as generally as possible. |
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| 183 | Instead of stating "<code>class X</code> has to define a member function |
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| 184 | <code>operator++()</code>," the interface requires "for any object |
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| 185 | <code>x</code> of <code>class X</code>, <code>++x</code> is defined." That |
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| 186 | is, whether the operator is a member is unspecified.</p> |
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| 187 | |
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| 188 | <p>Requirements are stated in terms of well-defined expressions, which |
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| 189 | define valid terms of the types that satisfy the requirements. For every |
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| 190 | set of requirements there is a table that specifies an initial set of the |
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| 191 | valid expressions and their semantics. Any generic algorithm that uses the |
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| 192 | requirements is described in terms of the valid expressions for its formal |
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| 193 | type parameters.</p> |
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| 194 | |
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| 195 | <p>Template argument requirements are sometimes referenced by name.</p> |
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| 196 | |
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| 197 | <p>In some cases the semantic requirements are presented as C++ code. Such |
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| 198 | code is intended as a specification of equivalance of a construct to |
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| 199 | another construct, not necessarily as the way the construct must be |
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| 200 | implemented.<a class="footnote" href="#footnote2">(2)</a></p> |
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| 201 | |
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| 202 | <h4><a name="detailed-specs" id="detailed-specs">Detailed |
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| 203 | specification</a></h4> |
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| 204 | |
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| 205 | <p>The detailed specifications each contain the following elements:</p> |
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| 206 | |
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| 207 | <ul> |
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| 208 | <li>Name and brief description</li> |
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| 209 | |
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| 210 | <li>Synopsis (class definition or function prototype, as |
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| 211 | appropriate)</li> |
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| 212 | |
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| 213 | <li>Restrictions on template arguments, if any</li> |
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| 214 | |
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| 215 | <li>Description of class invariants</li> |
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| 216 | |
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| 217 | <li>Description of function semantics</li> |
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| 218 | </ul> |
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| 219 | |
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| 220 | <p>Descriptions of class member functions follow the order (as |
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| 221 | appropriate)<a class="footnote" href="#footnote3">(3)</a>:</p> |
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| 222 | |
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| 223 | <ul> |
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| 224 | <li>Constructor(s) and destructor</li> |
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| 225 | |
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| 226 | <li>Copying and assignment functions</li> |
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| 227 | |
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| 228 | <li>Comparison functions</li> |
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| 229 | |
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| 230 | <li>Modifier functions</li> |
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| 231 | |
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| 232 | <li>Observer functions</li> |
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| 233 | |
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| 234 | <li>Operators and other non-member functions</li> |
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| 235 | </ul> |
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| 236 | |
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| 237 | <p>Descriptions of function semantics contain the following <a name= |
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| 238 | "function-elements" id="function-elements">elements</a> (as |
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| 239 | appropriate)<a class="footnote" href="#footnote4">(4):</a></p> |
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| 240 | |
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| 241 | <dl class="function-semantics"> |
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| 242 | <dt><b><a href="#requires">Requires:</a></b> the preconditions for |
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| 243 | calling the function</dt> |
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| 244 | |
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| 245 | <dt><b><a href="#effects">Effects:</a></b> the actions performed by the |
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| 246 | function</dt> |
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| 247 | |
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| 248 | <dt><b><a href="#postconditions">Postconditions:</a></b> the observable |
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| 249 | results established by the function</dt> |
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| 250 | |
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| 251 | <dt><b><a href="#returns">Returns:</a></b> a description of the value(s) |
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| 252 | returned by the function</dt> |
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| 253 | |
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| 254 | <dt><b><a href="#throws">Throws:</a></b> any exceptions thrown by the |
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| 255 | function, and the conditions that would cause the exception</dt> |
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| 256 | |
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| 257 | <dt><b><a href="#complexity">Complexity:</a></b> the time and/or space |
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| 258 | complexity of the function</dt> |
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| 259 | |
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| 260 | <dt><b><a href="#rationale">Rationale:</a></b> the rationale for the |
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| 261 | function's design or existence</dt> |
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| 262 | </dl> |
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| 263 | |
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| 264 | <p>Complexity requirements specified in the library clauses are upper |
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| 265 | bounds, and implementations that provide better complexity guarantees |
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| 266 | satisfy the requirements.</p> |
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| 267 | |
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| 268 | <h4><a name="ref-cpp" id="ref-cpp">References to the C++ Standard |
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| 269 | library</a></h4> |
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| 270 | |
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| 271 | <h4><a name="ref-c" id="ref-c">References to the C Standard |
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| 272 | library</a></h4> |
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| 273 | |
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| 274 | <h3><a name="other" id="other">Other conventions</a></h3> |
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| 275 | |
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| 276 | <p>These conventions are for describing implementation-defined types, and |
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| 277 | member functions.</p> |
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| 278 | |
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| 279 | <h4><a name="type-descs" id="type-descs">Type descriptions</a></h4> |
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| 280 | |
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| 281 | <p>The Requirements subclauses may describe names that are used to specify |
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| 282 | constraints on template arguments.</p> |
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| 283 | |
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| 284 | <h2><a name="more" id="more">More Information</a></h2> |
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| 285 | |
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| 286 | <h3><a name="function-semantic-explanations" id= |
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| 287 | "function-semantic-explanations">Function semantic element |
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| 288 | explanations</a></h3> |
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| 289 | |
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| 290 | <p>The function semantic element description <a href= |
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| 291 | "#function-elements">above</a> is taken directly from the C++ standard, and |
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| 292 | is quite terse. Here is a more detailed explanation of each of the |
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| 293 | elements.</p> |
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| 294 | |
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| 295 | <p>Note the use of the <code><code> ... </code></code> font tag |
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| 296 | to distinguish actual C++ usage from English prose.</p> |
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| 297 | |
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| 298 | <h4><a name="requires" id="requires">Requires</a></h4> |
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| 299 | |
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| 300 | <p>Preconditions for calling the function, typically expressed as |
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| 301 | predicates. The most common preconditions are requirements on the value of |
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| 302 | arguments, often in the form of C++ expressions. For example,</p> |
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| 303 | <pre> |
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| 304 | |
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| 305 | <code>void limit( int * p, int min, int max );</code> |
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| 306 | </pre> |
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| 307 | |
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| 308 | <dl class="function-semantics"> |
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| 309 | <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>p != 0 && min <= max</code></dt> |
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| 310 | </dl> |
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| 311 | |
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| 312 | <p>Requirements already enforced by the C++ language rules (such as the |
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| 313 | type of arguments) are not repeated in Requires paragraphs.</p> |
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| 314 | |
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| 315 | <h4><a name="effects" id="effects">Effects</a></h4> |
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| 316 | |
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| 317 | <p>The actions performed by the function, described either in prose or in |
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| 318 | C++. A description in prose is often less limiting on implementors, but is |
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| 319 | often less precise than C++ code.</p> |
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| 320 | |
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| 321 | <p>If an effect is specified in one of the other elements, particularly |
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| 322 | <i>postconditions</i>, <i>returns</i>, or <i>throws</i>, it is not also |
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| 323 | described in the <i>effects</i> paragraph. Having only a single description |
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| 324 | ensures that there is one and only one specification, and thus eliminates |
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| 325 | the risk of divergence.</p> |
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| 326 | |
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| 327 | <h4><a name="postconditions" id="postconditions">Postconditions</a></h4> |
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| 328 | |
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| 329 | <p>The observable results of the function, such as the value of variables. |
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| 330 | Postconditions are often expressed as predicates that are true after the |
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| 331 | function completes, in the form of C++ expressions. For example:</p> |
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| 332 | <pre> |
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| 333 | |
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| 334 | void make_zero_if_negative( int & x ); |
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| 335 | </pre> |
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| 336 | |
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| 337 | <dl class="function-semantics"> |
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| 338 | <dt><b>Postcondition:</b> <code>x >= 0</code></dt> |
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| 339 | </dl> |
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| 340 | |
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| 341 | <h4><a name="returns" id="returns">Returns</a></h4> |
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| 342 | |
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| 343 | <p>The value returned by the function, usually in the form of a C++ |
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| 344 | expression. For example:</p> |
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| 345 | <pre> |
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| 346 | int sum( int x, int y ); |
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| 347 | </pre> |
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| 348 | |
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| 349 | <dl class="function-semantics"> |
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| 350 | <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x + y</code></dt> |
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| 351 | </dl> |
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| 352 | |
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| 353 | <p>Only specify the return value; the type is already dictated by C++ |
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| 354 | language rules.</p> |
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| 355 | |
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| 356 | <h4><a name="throws" id="throws">Throws</a></h4> |
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| 357 | |
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| 358 | <p>Specify both the type of exception thrown, and the condition that causes |
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| 359 | the exception to be thrown. For example, the <code>std::basic_string</code> |
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| 360 | class specifies:</p> |
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| 361 | <pre> |
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| 362 | |
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| 363 | void resize(size_type n, charT c); |
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| 364 | </pre> |
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| 365 | |
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| 366 | <dl class="function-semantics"> |
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| 367 | <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code>length_error</code> if <code>n > |
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| 368 | max_size()</code>.</dt> |
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| 369 | </dl> |
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| 370 | |
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| 371 | <h4><a name="complexity" id="complexity">Complexity</a></h4> |
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| 372 | |
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| 373 | <p>Specifying the time and/or space complexity of a function is often not |
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| 374 | desirable because it over-constrains implementors and is hard to specify |
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| 375 | correctly. Complexity is thus often best left as a quality of |
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| 376 | implementation issue.</p> |
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| 377 | |
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| 378 | <p>A library component, however, can become effectively non-portable if |
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| 379 | there is wide variation in performance between conforming implementations. |
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| 380 | Containers are a prime example. In these cases it becomes worthwhile to |
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| 381 | specify complexity.</p> |
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| 382 | |
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| 383 | <p>Complexity is often specified in generalized <a href= |
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| 384 | "http://hissa.nist.gov/dads/HTML/bigOnotation.html">"Big-O" |
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| 385 | notation</a>.</p> |
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| 386 | |
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| 387 | <h4><a name="rationale" id="rationale">Rationale</a></h4> |
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| 388 | |
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| 389 | <p>Specifying the rationale for a function's design or existence can often |
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| 390 | give users a lot of insight into why a library is designed the way it is. |
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| 391 | More importantly, it can help prevent "fixing" something that wasn't really |
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| 392 | broken as the library matures.</p> |
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| 393 | |
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| 394 | <h2><a name="footnotes" id="footnotes">Footnotes</a></h2> |
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| 395 | |
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| 396 | <dl> |
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| 397 | <dt><a class="footnote" name="footnote1" id="footnote1">(1)</a> To save |
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| 398 | space, items that do not apply to a clause are omitted. For example, if a |
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| 399 | clause does not specify any requirements, there will be no "Requirements" |
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| 400 | subclause.</dt> |
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| 401 | |
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| 402 | <dt><a class="footnote" name="footnote2" id="footnote2">(2)</a> Although |
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| 403 | in some cases the code is unambiguously the optimum implementation.</dt> |
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| 404 | |
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| 405 | <dt><a class="footnote" name="footnote3" id="footnote3">(3)</a> To save |
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| 406 | space, items that do not apply to a class are omitted. For example, if a |
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| 407 | class does not specify any comparison functions, there will be no |
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| 408 | "Comparison functions" subclause.</dt> |
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| 409 | |
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| 410 | <dt><a class="footnote" name="footnote4" id="footnote4">(4)</a> To save |
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| 411 | space, items that do not apply to a function are omitted. For example, if |
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| 412 | a function does not specify any precondition, there will be no "Requires" |
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| 413 | paragraph.</dt> |
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| 414 | </dl> |
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| 415 | <hr> |
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| 416 | |
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| 417 | <p><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=referer"><img border="0" src= |
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| 418 | "http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional" |
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| 419 | height="31" width="88"></a></p> |
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| 420 | |
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| 421 | <p>Revised |
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| 422 | <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->04 |
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| 423 | December, 2006<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="38514" --></p> |
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| 424 | |
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| 425 | <p><i>Copyright © 2001 <a href= |
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| 426 | "mailto:williamkempf@hotmail.com">William E. Kempf</a></i></p> |
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| 427 | |
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| 428 | <p><i>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See |
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| 429 | accompanying file <a href="../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or |
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| 430 | copy at <a href= |
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| 431 | "http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</i></p> |
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| 432 | </body> |
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| 433 | </html> |
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