source: downloads/libvorbis-1.2.0/doc/draft-ietf-avt-rtp-vorbis-06.txt @ 68

AVT Working Group                                             L. Barbato
Internet-Draft                                                  Xiph.Org
Expires: December 27, 2007                                  Jun 25, 2007


                      draft-ietf-avt-rtp-vorbis-06
              RTP Payload Format for Vorbis Encoded Audio

Status of this Memo

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
   applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 27, 2007.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   This document describes an RTP payload format for transporting Vorbis
   encoded audio.  It details the RTP encapsulation mechanism for raw
   Vorbis data and details the delivery mechanisms for the decoder
   probability model, referred to as a codebook and other setup
   information.

   Also included within this memo are media type registrations, and the
   details necessary for the use of Vorbis with the Session Description
   Protocol (SDP).



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Editors Note

   All references to RFC XXXX are to be replaced by references to the
   RFC number of this memo, when published.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     1.1.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Payload Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     2.1.  RTP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     2.2.  Payload Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     2.3.  Payload Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     2.4.  Example RTP Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   3.  Configuration Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.1.  In-band Header Transmission  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
       3.1.1.  Packed Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     3.2.  Out of Band Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       3.2.1.  Packed Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     3.3.  Loss of Configuration Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   4.  Comment Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   5.  Frame Packetization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.1.  Example Fragmented Vorbis Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.2.  Packet Loss  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.1.  Packed Headers IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   7.  SDP related considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     7.1.  Mapping Media Type Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . . . 20
       7.1.1.  SDP Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     7.2.  Usage with the SDP Offer/Answer Model  . . . . . . . . . . 21
   8.  Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   9.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.1.  Stream Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   11. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 25










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1.  Introduction

   Vorbis is a general purpose perceptual audio codec intended to allow
   maximum encoder flexibility, thus allowing it to scale competitively
   over an exceptionally wide range of bitrates.  At the high quality/
   bitrate end of the scale (CD or DAT rate stereo, 16/24 bits), it is
   in the same league as AAC.  Vorbis is also intended for lower and
   higher sample rates (from 8kHz telephony to 192kHz digital masters)
   and a range of channel representations (monaural, polyphonic, stereo,
   quadraphonic, 5.1, ambisonic, or up to 255 discrete channels).

   Vorbis encoded audio is generally encapsulated within an Ogg format
   bitstream [11], which provides framing and synchronization.  For the
   purposes of RTP transport, this layer is unnecessary, and so raw
   Vorbis packets are used in the payload.

1.1.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].


2.  Payload Format

   For RTP based transport of Vorbis encoded audio the standard RTP
   header is followed by a 4 octets payload header, then the payload
   data.  The payload headers are used to associate the Vorbis data with
   its associated decoding codebooks as well as indicating if the
   following packet contains fragmented Vorbis data and/or the number of
   whole Vorbis data frames.  The payload data contains the raw Vorbis
   bitstream information.  There are 3 types of Vorbis payload data, an
   RTP packet MUST contain just one of them at a time.

2.1.  RTP Header

   The format of the RTP header is specified in [2] and shown in Figure
   Figure 1.  This payload format uses the fields of the header in a
   manner consistent with that specification.












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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |       sequence number         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                           timestamp                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                           Figure 1: RTP Header

   The RTP header begins with an octet of fields (V, P, X, and CC) to
   support specialized RTP uses (see [2] and [3] for details).  For
   Vorbis RTP, the following values are used.

   Version (V): 2 bits

   This field identifies the version of RTP.  The version used by this
   specification is two (2).

   Padding (P): 1 bit

   Padding MAY be used with this payload format according to section 5.1
   of [2].

   Extension (X): 1 bit

   The Extension bit is used in accordance with [2].

   CSRC count (CC): 4 bits

   The CSRC count is used in accordance with [2].

   Marker (M): 1 bit

   Set to zero.  Audio silence suppression not used.  This conforms to
   section 4.1 of [13].

   Payload Type (PT): 7 bits

   An RTP profile for a class of applications is expected to assign a
   payload type for this format, or a dynamically allocated payload type
   SHOULD be chosen which designates the payload as Vorbis.




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   Sequence number: 16 bits

   The sequence number increments by one for each RTP data packet sent,
   and may be used by the receiver to detect packet loss and to restore
   packet sequence.  This field is detailed further in [2].

   Timestamp: 32 bits

   A timestamp representing the sampling time of the first sample of the
   first Vorbis packet in the RTP packet.  The clock frequency MUST be
   set to the sample rate of the encoded audio data and is conveyed out-
   of-band (e.g. as a SDP parameter).

   SSRC/CSRC identifiers:

   These two fields, 32 bits each with one SSRC field and a maximum of
   16 CSRC fields, are as defined in [2].

2.2.  Payload Header

   The 4 octets following the RTP Header section are the Payload Header.
   This header is split into a number of bitfields detailing the format
   of the following payload data packets.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                     Ident                     | F |VDT|# pkts.|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 2: Payload Header

   Ident: 24 bits

   This 24 bit field is used to associate the Vorbis data to a decoding
   Configuration.  It is stored as network byte order integer.

   Fragment type (F): 2 bits

   This field is set according to the following list

      0 = Not Fragmented
      1 = Start Fragment
      2 = Continuation Fragment
      3 = End Fragment

   Vorbis Data Type (VDT): 2 bits




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   This field specifies the kind of Vorbis data stored in this RTP
   packet.  There are currently three different types of Vorbis
   payloads.  Each packet MUST contain only a single type of Vorbis
   payload (e.g. you MUST not aggregate configuration and comment
   payload in the same packet)

      0 = Raw Vorbis payload
      1 = Vorbis Packed Configuration payload
      2 = Legacy Vorbis Comment payload
      3 = Reserved

   The packets with a VDT of value 3 MUST be ignored

   The last 4 bits represent the number of complete packets in this
   payload.  This provides for a maximum number of 15 Vorbis packets in
   the payload.  If the packet contains fragmented data the number of
   packets MUST be set to 0.

2.3.  Payload Data

   Raw Vorbis packets are currently unbounded in length, application
   profiles will likely define a practical limit.  Typical Vorbis packet
   sizes range from very small (2-3 bytes) to quite large (8-12
   kilobytes).  The reference implementation [12] typically produces
   packets less than ~800 bytes, except for the setup header packets
   which are ~4-12 kilobytes.  Within an RTP context, to avoid
   fragmentation, the Vorbis data packet size SHOULD be kept
   sufficiently small so that after adding the RTP and payload headers,
   the complete RTP packet is smaller than the path MTU.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |            length             |       vorbis packet data     ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 3: Payload Data Header

   Each Vorbis payload packet starts with a two octet length header,
   which is used to represent the size in bytes of the following data
   payload, followed by the raw Vorbis data padded to the nearest byte
   boundary, as explained by the vorbis specification [13].  The length
   value is stored as network byte order integer.

   For payloads which consist of multiple Vorbis packets the payload
   data consists of the packet length followed by the packet data for
   each of the Vorbis packets in the payload.




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   The Vorbis packet length header is the length of the Vorbis data
   block only and does not count the length field.

   The payload packing of the Vorbis data packets MUST follow the
   guidelines set-out in [3] where the oldest packet occurs immediately
   after the RTP packet header.  Subsequent packets, if any, MUST follow
   in temporal order.

   Channel mapping of the audio is in accordance with the Vorbis I
   Specification [13].

2.4.  Example RTP Packet

   Here is an example RTP packet containing two Vorbis packets.

   RTP Packet Header:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | 2 |0|0|  0    |0|      PT     |       sequence number         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |               timestamp (in sample rate units)                |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronisation source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                     Ident                     | 0 | 0 | 2 pks |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |            length             |          vorbis data         ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        vorbis data                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |            length             |   next vorbis packet data    ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        vorbis data                          ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..               vorbis data                    |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 4: Example Raw Vorbis Packet

   The payload data section of the RTP packet begins with the 24 bit
   Ident field followed by the one octet bitfield header, which has the
   number of Vorbis frames set to 2.  Each of the Vorbis data frames is



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   prefixed by the two octets length field.  The Packet Type and
   Fragment Type are set to 0.  The Configuration that will be used to
   decode the packets is the one indexed by the ident value.


3.  Configuration Headers

   Unlike other mainstream audio codecs Vorbis has no statically
   configured probability model.  Instead, it packs all entropy decoding
   configuration, Vector Quantization and Huffman models into a data
   block that must be transmitted to the decoder along with the
   compressed data.  A decoder also requires information detailing the
   number of audio channels, bitrates and similar information to
   configure itself for a particular compressed data stream.  These two
   blocks of information are often referred to collectively as the
   "codebooks" for a Vorbis stream, and are nominally included as
   special "header" packets at the start of the compressed data.  In
   addition, the Vorbis I specification [13] requires the presence of a
   comment header packet which gives simple metadata about the stream,
   but this information is not required for decoding the frame sequence.

   Thus these two codebook header packets must be received by the
   decoder before any audio data can be interpreted.  These requirements
   pose problems in RTP, which is often used over unreliable transports.

   Since this information must be transmitted reliably and, as the RTP
   stream may change certain configuration data mid-session, there are
   different methods for delivering this configuration data to a client,
   both in-band and out-of-band which is detailed below.  SDP delivery
   is typically used to set up an initial state for the client
   application.  The changes may be due to different codebooks as well
   as different bitrates of the stream.

   The delivery vectors in use can be specified by an SDP attribute to
   indicate the method and the optional URI where the Vorbis Packed
   Configuration (Section 3.1.1) Packets could be fetched.  Different
   delivery methods MAY be advertised for the same session.  The in-band
   Configuration delivery SHOULD be considered as baseline, out-of-band
   delivery methods that don't use RTP will not be described in this
   document.  For non chained streams, the Configuration recommended
   delivery method is inline the Packed Configuration (Section 3.1.1) in
   the SDP as explained in the IANA considerations (Section 7.1).

   The 24 bit Ident field is used to map which Configuration will be
   used to decode a packet.  When the Ident field changes, it indicates
   that a change in the stream has taken place.  The client application
   MUST have in advance the correct configuration and if the client
   detects a change in the Ident value and does not have this



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   information it MUST NOT decode the raw Vorbis data associated until
   it fetches the correct Configuration.

3.1.  In-band Header Transmission

   The Packed Configuration (Section 3.1.1) Payload is sent in-band with
   the packet type bits set to match the Vorbis Data Type.  Clients MUST
   be capable of dealing with fragmentation and periodic re-transmission
   of the configuration headers.

3.1.1.  Packed Configuration

   A Vorbis Packed Configuration is indicated with the Vorbis Data Type
   field set to 1.  Of the three headers defined in the Vorbis I
   specification [13], the identification and the setup MUST be packed
   as they are, while the comment header MAY be replaced with a dummy
   one.  The packed configuration follows a generic way to store xiph
   codec configurations: The first field stores the number of the
   following packets minus one (count field), the next ones represent
   the size of the headers (length fields), the headers immediately
   follow the list of length fields.  The size of the last header is
   implicit.  The count and the length fields are encoded using the
   following logic: the data is in network order, every byte has the
   most significant bit used as flag and the following 7 used to store
   the value.  The first N bit are to be taken, where N is number of
   bits representing the value modulo 7, and stored in the first byte.
   If there are more bits, the flag bit is set to 1 and the subsequent
   7bit are stored in the following byte, if there are remaining bits
   set the flag to 1 and the same procedure is repeated.  The ending
   byte has the flag bit set to 0.  In order to decode it is enough to
   iterate over the bytes until the flag bit set to 0, for every byte
   the data is added to the accumulated value multiplied by 128.  The
   headers are packed in the same order they are present in ogg:
   identification, comment, setup.

















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |             xxxx              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                             xxxxx                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                      Ident                    | 1 | 0 |      0|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           length              | n. of headers |    length1    |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |    length2    |                  Identification              ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        Identification                       ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        Identification                       ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        Identification                       ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..               Identification                 |    Comment   ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                            Comment                          ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                            Comment                          ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                            Comment                          ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..           Comment            |             Setup            ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                            Setup                            ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                            Setup                            ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 5: Packed Configuration Figure

   The Ident field is set with the value that will be used by the Raw
   Payload Packets to address this Configuration.  The Fragment type is
   set to 0 since the packet bears the full Packed configuration, the
   number of packet is set to 1.





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3.2.  Out of Band Transmission

   This section, as stated above, does not cover all the possible out-
   of-band delivery methods since they rely on different protocols and
   are linked to specific applications.  The following packet definition
   SHOULD be used in out-of-band delivery and MUST be used when
   Configuration is inlined in the SDP.

3.2.1.  Packed Headers

   As mentioned above the RECOMMENDED delivery vector for Vorbis
   configuration data is via a retrieval method that can be performed
   using a reliable transport protocol.  As the RTP headers are not
   required for this method of delivery the structure of the
   configuration data is slightly different.  The packed header starts
   with a 32 bit (network ordered) count field which details the number
   of packed headers that are contained in the bundle.  Next is the
   Packed header payload for each chained Vorbis stream.

      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                     Number of packed headers                  |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Packed header                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Packed header                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 6: Packed Headers Overview

   Since the Configuration Ident and the Identification Header are fixed
   length there is only a 2 byte length tag to define the length of the
   packed headers.

















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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                   Ident                       |    length    ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..              | n. of headers |    length1    |    length2   ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..              |             Identification Header            ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      .................................................................
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..              |         Comment Header                       ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      .................................................................
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        Comment Header                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                          Setup Header                        ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      .................................................................
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                         Setup Header                         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 7: Packed Headers Detail

   The key difference between the in-band format and this one, is that
   there is no need for the payload header octet.  In this figure the
   comment has a size bigger than 127 bytes.

3.3.  Loss of Configuration Headers

   Unlike the loss of raw Vorbis payload data, loss of a configuration
   header can lead to a situation where it will not be possible to
   successfully decode the stream.

   Loss of Configuration Packet results in the halting of stream
   decoding.


4.  Comment Headers

   With the Vorbis Data Type flag set to 2, this indicates that the
   packet contain the comment metadata, such as artist name, track title
   and so on.  These metadata messages are not intended to be fully
   descriptive but to offer basic track/song information.  Clients MAY
   ignore it completely.  The details on the format of the comments can
   be found in the Vorbis documentation [13].



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       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |             xxxx              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                             xxxxx                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                      Ident                    | 0 | 2 |      1|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |            length             |            Comment           ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                           Comment                           ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                           Comment                            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 8: Comment Packet

   The 2 bytes length field is necessary since this packet could be
   fragmented.


5.  Frame Packetization

   Each RTP packet contains either one Vorbis packet fragment, or an
   integer number of complete Vorbis packets (up to a maximum of 15
   packets, since the number of packets is defined by a 4 bit value).

   Any Vorbis data packet that is less than path MTU SHOULD be bundled
   in the RTP packet with as many Vorbis packets as will fit, up to a
   maximum of 15, except when such bundling would exceed an
   application's desired transmission latency.  Path MTU is detailed in
   [6] and [7].

   A fragmented packet has a zero in the last four bits of the payload
   header.  The first fragment will set the Fragment type to 1.  Each
   fragment after the first will set the Fragment type to 2 in the
   payload header.  The RTP packet containing the last fragment of the
   Vorbis packet will have the Fragment type set to 3.  To maintain the
   correct sequence for fragmented packet reception the timestamp field
   of fragmented packets MUST be the same as the first packet sent, with
   the sequence number incremented as normal for the subsequent RTP



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   packets.  The length field shows the fragment length.

5.1.  Example Fragmented Vorbis Packet

   Here is an example fragmented Vorbis packet split over three RTP
   packets.  Each packet contains the standard RTP headers as well as
   the 4 octets Vorbis headers.

      Packet 1:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |           1000                |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                            12345                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       Ident                   | 1 | 0 |      0|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |             length            |            vorbis data       ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        vorbis data                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 9: Example Fragmented Packet (Packet 1)

   In this packet the initial sequence number is 1000 and the timestamp
   is 12345.  The Fragment type is set to 1, the number of packets field
   is set to 0, and as the payload is raw Vorbis data the VDT field is
   set to 0.















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      Packet 2:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |           1001                |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                             12345                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                       Ident                   | 2 | 0 |      0|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |             length            |          vorbis data         ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        vorbis data                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 10: Example Fragmented Packet (Packet 2)

   The Fragment type field is set to 2 and the number of packets field
   is set to 0.  For large Vorbis fragments there can be several of
   these type of payload packets.  The maximum packet size SHOULD be no
   greater than the path MTU, including all RTP and payload headers.
   The sequence number has been incremented by one but the timestamp
   field remains the same as the initial packet.





















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      Packet 3:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|X|  CC   |M|     PT      |           1002                |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                             12345                             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |           synchronization source (SSRC) identifier            |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |            contributing source (CSRC) identifiers             |
      |                              ...                              |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                      Ident                    | 3 | 0 |      0|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |             length            |          vorbis data         ..
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      ..                        vorbis data                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

              Figure 11: Example Fragmented Packet (Packet 3)

   This is the last Vorbis fragment packet.  The Fragment type is set to
   3 and the packet count remains set to 0.  As in the previous packets
   the timestamp remains set to the first packet in the sequence and the
   sequence number has been incremented.

5.2.  Packet Loss

   As there is no error correction within the Vorbis stream, packet loss
   will result in a loss of signal.  Packet loss is more of an issue for
   fragmented Vorbis packets as the client will have to cope with the
   handling of the Fragment Type.  In case of loss of fragments the
   client MUST discard all the remaining fragments and decode the
   incomplete packet.  If we use the fragmented Vorbis packet example
   above and the first packet is lost the client MUST detect that the
   next packet has the packet count field set to 0 and the Fragment type
   2 and MUST drop it.  The next packet, which is the final fragmented
   packet, MUST be dropped in the same manner.  If the missing packet is
   the last, the received two fragments will be kept and the incomplete
   vorbis packet decoded.

   Loss of any of the Configuration fragment will result in the loss of
   the full Configuration packet with the result detailed in the Loss of
   Configuration Headers (Section 3.3) section.




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6.  IANA Considerations

   Type name:  audio

   Subtype name:  vorbis

   Required parameters:

      rate:  indicates the RTP timestamp clock rate as described in RTP
         Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control.
         [3]

      channels:  indicates the number of audio channels as described in
         RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal
         Control. [3]

      delivery-method:  indicates the delivery methods in use, the
         possible values are: inline, in_band, out_band, MAY be included
         multiple times

      configuration:  the base64 [9] representation of the Packed
         Headers (Section 3.2.1).  It MUST follow the associated
         delivery-method parameter ("inline").

   Optional parameters:

      configuration-uri:  the URI [4] of the configuration headers in
         case of out of band transmission.  In the form of
         "protocol://path/to/resource/", depending on the specific
         method, a single configuration packet could be retrived by its
         Ident number, or multiple packets could be aggregated in a
         single stream.  Such aggregates MAY be compressed using either
         bzip2 [16] or gzip [14].  A sha1 [10] checksum MAY be provided
         for aggregates.  In this latter case the URI will end with the
         aggregate name, followed by its compressed extension if
         applies, a "!" and the base64 [9] representation of the
         sha1hash of the above mentioned compressed aggregated as in:
         "protocol://path/to/resource/aggregated.bz2!sha1hash".  The
         trailing '/' discriminates which of two methods are in use.
         The configuration-uri MUST follow the associated delivery
         method parameter ("out_band").  Non hierarchical protocols and
         protocols using for special purposes the '!' separator MAY
         point just to a resource aggregate using their specific syntax.








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   Encoding considerations:

      This media type is framed and contains binary data.

   Security considerations:

      See Section 10 of RFC XXXX.

   Interoperability considerations:

      None

   Published specification:

      RFC XXXX [RFC Editor: please replace by the RFC number of this
      memo, when published]

      Ogg Vorbis I specification: Codec setup and packet decode.
      Available from the Xiph website, http://www.xiph.org

   Applications which use this media type:

      Audio streaming and conferencing tools

   Additional information:

      None

   Person & email address to contact for further information:

      Luca Barbato: <lu_zero@gentoo.org> IETF Audio/Video Transport
      Working Group

   Intended usage:

      COMMON

   Restriction on usage:

      This media type depends on RTP framing, and hence is only defined
      for transfer via RTP [2]

   Author:

      Luca Barbato






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   Change controller:

      IETF AVT Working Group delegated from the IESG


6.1.  Packed Headers IANA Considerations

   The following IANA considerations MUST only be applied to the packed
   headers.

   Type name:  audio

   Subtype name:  vorbis-config

   Required parameters:

      None

   Optional parameters:

      None

   Encoding considerations:

      This media type contains binary data.

   Security considerations:

      See Section 10 of RFC XXXX.

   Interoperability considerations:

      None

   Published specification:

      RFC XXXX [RFC Editor: please replace by the RFC number of this
      memo, when published]

   Applications which use this media type:

      Vorbis encoded audio, configuration data.

   Additional information:

      None





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   Person & email address to contact for further information:

      Luca Barbato: <lu_zero@gentoo.org>
      IETF Audio/Video Transport Working Group

   Intended usage:  COMMON

   Restriction on usage:

      This media type doesn't depend on the transport.

   Author:

      Luca Barbato

   Change controller:

      IETF AVT Working Group delegated from the IESG


7.  SDP related considerations

   The following paragraphs defines the mapping of the parameters
   described in the IANA considerations section and their usage in the
   Offer/Answer Model [8].

7.1.  Mapping Media Type Parameters into SDP

   The information carried in the Media Type media type specification
   has a specific mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol
   (SDP) [5], which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions.  When SDP
   is used to specify sessions the mapping are as follows:

   o  The type name ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.

   o  The subtype name ("vorbis") goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as the encoding
      name.

   o  The parameter "rate" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as clock rate.

   o  The parameter "channels" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as channel count.

   o  The mandated parameters "delivery-method" and "configuration" MUST
      be included in the SDP "a=fmtp" attribute.

   o  The optional parameter "configuration-uri", when present, MUST be
      included in the SDP "a=fmtp" attribute and MUST follow the
      delivery-method that applies.



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   If the stream comprises chained Vorbis files and all of them are
   known in advance, the Configuration Packet for each file SHOULD be
   passed to the client using the configuration attribute.

   The URI specified in the configuration-uri attribute MUST point to a
   location where all of the Configuration Packets needed for the life
   of the session reside.

   The port value is specified by the server application bound to the
   address specified in the c= line.  The bitrate value and channels
   specified in the rtpmap attribute MUST match the Vorbis sample rate
   value.  An example is found below.

7.1.1.  SDP Example

   The following example shows a basic SDP single stream.  The first
   configuration packet is inlined in the sdp, other configurations
   could be fetched at any time from the first provided uri using or all
   the known configuration could be downloaded using the second uri.
   The inline base64 [9] configuration string is omitted because of the
   length.
      c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
      m=audio RTP/AVP 98
      a=rtpmap:98 vorbis/44100/2
      a=fmtp:98 delivery-method=inline; configuration=base64string;
      delivery-method=out_band;
      configuration-uri=rtsp://path/to/the/resource; delivery-
      method=out_band; configuration-uri=http://another/path/to/
      resource/aggregate.bz2!8b6237eb5154a0ea12811a94e8e2697b3312bc6c;

   Note that the payload format (encoding) names are commonly shown in
   upper case.  Media Type subtypes are commonly shown in lower case.
   These names are case-insensitive in both places.  Similarly,
   parameter names are case-insensitive both in Media Type types and in
   the default mapping to the SDP a=fmtp attribute.  The exception
   regarding case sensitivity is the configuration-uri URI which MUST be
   regarded as being case sensitive.  The a=fmtp line is a single line
   even if it is presented broken because of clarity.

7.2.  Usage with the SDP Offer/Answer Model

   The only paramenter negotiable is the delivery method.  All the
   others are declarative: the offer, as described in An Offer/Answer
   Model Session Description Protocol [8], may contain a large number of
   delivery methods per single fmtp attribute, the answerer MUST remove
   every delivery-method and configuration-uri not supported.  All the
   parameters MUST not be altered on answer otherwise.




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8.  Congestion Control

   Vorbis clients SHOULD send regular receiver reports detailing
   congestion.  A mechanism for dynamically downgrading the stream,
   known as bitrate peeling, will allow for a graceful backing off of
   the stream bitrate.  This feature is not available at present so an
   alternative would be to redirect the client to a lower bitrate stream
   if one is available.


9.  Examples

   The following examples are common usage patterns that MAY be applied
   in such situations, the main scope of this section is to explain
   better usage of the transmission vectors.

9.1.  Stream Radio

   This is one of the most common situation: one single server streaming
   content in multicast, the clients may start a session at random time.
   The content itself could be a mix of live stream, as the wj's voice,
   and stored streams as the music she plays.

   In this situation we don't know in advance how many codebooks we will
   use.  The clients can join anytime and users expect to start
   listening to the content in a short time.

   On join the client will receive the current Configuration necessary
   to decode the current stream inlined in the SDP so that the decoding
   will start immediately after.

   When the streamed content changes the new Configuration is sent in-
   band before the actual stream, and the Configuration that has to be
   sent inline in the SDP updated.  Since the in-band method is
   unreliable, an out of band fallback is provided.

   The client could choose to fetch the Configuration from the alternate
   source as soon as it discovers a Configuration packet got lost in-
   band or use selective retransmission [15], if the server supports the
   feature.

   A serverside optimization would be to keep an hash list of the
   Configurations per session to avoid packing all of them and send the
   same Configuration with different Ident tags

   A clientside optimization would be to keep a tag list of the
   Configurations per session and don't process configuration packets
   already known.



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10.  Security Considerations

   RTP packets using this payload format are subject to the security
   considerations discussed in the RTP specification [2].  This implies
   that the confidentiality of the media stream is achieved by using
   encryption.  Because the data compression used with this payload
   format is applied end-to-end, encryption may be performed on the
   compressed data.  Additional care MAY be needed for delivery methods
   that point to external resources, using secure protocols to fetch the
   configuration payloads.  Where the size of a data block is set, care
   MUST be taken to prevent buffer overflows in the client applications.


11.  Acknowledgments

   This document is a continuation of draft-moffitt-vorbis-rtp-00.txt
   and draft-kerr-avt-vorbis-rtp-04.txt.  The Media Type type section is
   a continuation of draft-short-avt-rtp-vorbis-mime-00.txt.

   Thanks to the AVT, Ogg Vorbis Communities / Xiph.org including Steve
   Casner, Aaron Colwell, Ross Finlayson, Fluendo, Ramon Garcia, Pascal
   Hennequin, Ralph Giles, Tor-Einar Jarnbjo, Colin Law, John Lazzaro,
   Jack Moffitt, Christopher Montgomery, Colin Perkins, Barry Short,
   Mike Smith, Phil Kerr, Michael Sparks, Magnus Westerlund, David
   Barrett, Silvia Pfeiffer, Stefan Ehmann, Alessandro Salvatori.
   Politecnico di Torino (LS)^3/IMG Group in particular Federico
   Ridolfo, Francesco Varano, Giampaolo Mancini, Dario Gallucci, Juan
   Carlos De Martin.


12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", RFC 2119.

   [2]   Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
         "RTP: A Transport Protocol for real-time applications",
         RFC 3550.

   [3]   Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video
         Conferences with Minimal Control.", RFC 3551.

   [4]   Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
         Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 3986.

   [5]   Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session



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         Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.

   [6]   Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
         November 1990.

   [7]   McCann et al., J., "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6",
         RFC 1981.

   [8]   Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with
         Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264.

   [9]   Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings",
         RFC 3548.

   [10]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure Hash
         Standard", May 1993.

12.2.  Informative References

   [11]  Pfeiffer, S., "The Ogg Encapsulation Format Version 0",
         RFC 3533.

   [12]  "libvorbis: Available from the Xiph website,
         http://www.xiph.org".

   [13]  "Ogg Vorbis I specification:  Codec setup and packet decode.
         Available from the Xiph website, http://www.xiph.org".

   [14]  Deutsch, P., "GZIP file format specification version 4.3",
         RFC 1952.

   [15]  Friedman, T., Caceres, R., and A. Clark, "RTP Control Protocol
         Extended Reports (RTCP XR)", RFC 3611, November 2003.

   [16]  Seward, J., "libbz2 and bzip2".


Author's Address

   Luca Barbato
   Xiph.Org

   Email: lu_zero@gentoo.org
   URI:   http://www.xiph.org/







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Full Copyright Statement

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   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
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   Administrative Support Activity (IASA).





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